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<p><u><b>Definition:</b></u> &#160;</p>

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<span class="num"><a name="1">[7.3.1]</a></span></td></tr></table>

<p class="beweis"><i>Beweis</i>: &#160;<br/>
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<h1>7.11. <i>Extremalprobleme</i></h1>
<hr noshade="noshade" size="1" style="margin-bottom:20px" />

<p>Anwendungsprobleme bestehen oft in der Aufgabe, die Parameter eines Prozesses so einzustellen, dass ein optimales Ergebnis entsteht (z.B. kürzeste Entfernung, maximaler Gewinn, geringster Verbrauch). Mit unseren Möglichkeiten, globale Extremstellen zu ermitteln, lassen sich Aufgaben dieser Art oftmals rechnerisch lösen.</p>

<p>Wir beginnen mit einem einfachen Beispiel und betrachten dazu Rechtecke mit einem <i>festen</i> Umfang <i>U</i>. Es gibt viele solche Rechtecke und, wie man sich durch waagerechtes Verschieben des blauen Ankerpunktes in der nachfolgenden Skizze überzeugen kann, besitzen sie alle ein unterschiedliches Flächenmaß.</p>

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<p style="margin-top:0px">Bei einen festen Umfang von <span style="font-family: Courier New; font-size: 11pt">340px</span>, einer Länge von <span><i>x</i>&#160;=&#160;<input size="5" type="text" id="T1" value="100px" style="font-family: Courier New; font-size: 11pt; text-align: left; color:blue; margin-bottom: 0pt; border: 0px solid #0000FF; padding-left: 0; padding-right: 0; padding-top: 2; padding-bottom: 0"/></span> und einer
Höhe von&#160; <i>y</i>&#160;=&#160;<input size="5" type="text" id="T2" value="70px" style="font-family: Courier New; font-size: 11pt; text-align: left; color:blue; margin-bottom: 0pt; border: 0px solid #0000FF; padding-left: 0; padding-right: 0; padding-top: 2; padding-bottom: 0"/>&#160; hat dieses Rechteck ein Flächenmaß von</p>
<p><div><i>x&#183;y</i>&#160;=&#160;<input type="text" id="T3" size="8" value="7000px&#x00B2;" style="font-family: Courier New; font-size: 11pt; text-align: left; color:blue; margin-bottom: 0pt; border: 0px solid #0000FF; padding-left: 0; padding-right: 0; padding-top: 2; padding-bottom: 0"/></div></p>
<p>Wir versuchen nun unter all diesen Rechtecken ein solches zu finden, dessen Flächenmaß am größten ist.</p>
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<p style="margin-top:0px">Dazu ist es sicherlich sinnvoll, einen Überblick über alle hier vorkommenden Flächenmaßzahlen zu haben. Wir betrachten daher die durch</p>
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</math><span class="num" style="margin-left:50pt"><a name="a1">[1]</a></span>
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<p>gegebene Funktion. Die beiden Variablen <i>x</i> und&#160; <i>y</i> sind dabei allerdings nicht unabhängig von einander zu wählen, denn die <i>Nebenbedingung</i>, also die Vorgabe, dass der Umfang <math xmlns='http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML' display='inline'>
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</math> sich nicht ändern darf, zwingt <i>x</i> und&#160; <i>y</i> in ein bestimmtes Verhältnis zu einander:</p>
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</math>.<span class="num" style="margin-left:50pt"><a name="a2">[2]</a></span>
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<p>Man kann also in <a class="ref" href="#a1">[1]</a>&#160; <i>y</i> durch einen Ausdruck in <i>x</i> ersetzen. Berücksichtigt man, dass die Länge <i>x</i> nur Werte zwischen 0 und <math xmlns='http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML' display='inline'>
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</math> annehmen darf, ergibt sich für die <i>Zielfunktion</i>&#160; <math xmlns='http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML' display='inline'>
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</math> die Vorschrift</p>
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<p>Die Suche nach einem flächengrößten Rechteck ist damit die Suche nach einem globalen Maximum der Funktion <i>A</i>. Ein solches Maximum muss existieren, denn <i>A</i> ist stetig auf einem geschlosssenen Intervall (siehe dazu <a class="ref" href="../StetigeFunktionen/6_6.xml#5" target="_blank">[6.6.5]</a>). Eine solche Maximalstelle könnte einer der beiden Randpunkte sein, oder eine lokale Maximalstelle im Inneren des Intervalls.</p>
<p>Lokale Extremstellen sind aber mit unseren Kriterien (<i>A</i> ist zweimal differenzierbar!) schnell gefunden: Da</p>
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<p>und <math xmlns='http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML' display='inline'>
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</math>, liegt im Inneren genau ein lokales Maximum vor, und zwar bei <math xmlns='http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML' display='inline'>
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</math> in Höhe von</p>
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<p>Ein <i>Vergleich mit den Randwerten&#160;</i> <math xmlns='http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML' display='inline'>
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</math> und <math xmlns='http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML' display='inline'>
 <mstyle displaystyle='true'><semantics>
  <mrow>
   <mi>A</mi><mo stretchy='false'>(</mo><mfrac>
    <mi>U</mi>
    <mn>2</mn>
   </mfrac>
   <mo stretchy='false'>)</mo><mo>=</mo><mn>0</mn>
  </mrow>
 <annotation encoding='MathType-MTEF'>
 MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrVepeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamyqaiaacIcadaWcaaqaaiaadwfaaeaacaaIYaaaaiaacMcacqGH9aqpcaaIWaaaaa@3B6E@</annotation>
</semantics></mstyle>
</math> zeigt schließlich, dass das flächenmaximale Rechteck die Abmessungen <math xmlns='http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML' display='inline'>
 <mstyle displaystyle='true'><semantics>
  <mrow>
   <mi>x</mi><mo>=</mo><mfrac>
    <mi>U</mi>
    <mn>4</mn>
   </mfrac>
   
  </mrow>
 <annotation encoding='MathType-MTEF'>
 MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrVepeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamiEaiabg2da9maalaaabaGaamyvaaqaaiaaisdaaaaaaa@3994@</annotation>
</semantics></mstyle>
</math> und <math xmlns='http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML' display='inline'>
 <mstyle displaystyle='true'><semantics>
  <mrow>
   <mi>y</mi><mo>=</mo><mfrac>
    <mi>U</mi>
    <mn>4</mn>
   </mfrac>
   
  </mrow>
 <annotation encoding='MathType-MTEF'>
 MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrVepeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamyEaiabg2da9maalaaabaGaamyvaaqaaiaaisdaaaaaaa@3995@</annotation>
</semantics></mstyle>
</math> (nach <a class="ref" href="#a2">[2]</a>) hat. Wir haben also den bekannten Sachverhalt bewiesen:</p>
<table class="main"><tr><td class="main">

<p style="margin-bottom:5px"><u><b>Bemerkung:</b></u> &#160;</p>

<table><tr><td class="def">
 <div style="text-align:left">
<i>Unter allen Rechtecken mit gleichem Umfang hat das Quadrat die größte Fläche.</i>
 </div></td><td class="num" width="80px">
<span class="num"><a name="1">[7.11.1]</a></span></td></tr></table>

</td></tr></table>

<p>Dieses Ergebnis ist ein Spezialfall des sog. <i>isoperimetrischen Problems</i>, der Suche also nach der größten unter <i>allen</i> ebenen Flächen eines festen (geeigneten) Umfangs. Obwohl die Lösung, der Kreis, auf der Hand liegt, ist der Nachweis nicht elementar zu führen. Siehe dazu <i>Viktor Blasjö: The Isoperimetric Problem, Amer. Math. Monthly 112,
pp. 526-566</i>.</p>
<p>Analog dazu betrachtet man, oft in wirtschaftlichen Zusammenhängen, das <i>Verpackungsproblem</i>: Wie kann man bei einer gegebenen Oberfläche ein maximales Volumen gewinnen? Als Beispiel konstruieren wir einen volumenmaximalen Schuhkarton (ohne Deckel). Dazu schneiden wir aus einem rechteckigen Stück Pappe der Größe <i>a</i><span style="font-family: Courier New; font-size: 11pt">&#x00D7;</span><i>b</i> (<math xmlns='http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML' display='inline'>
 <mstyle displaystyle='true'><semantics>
  <mrow>
   <mi>a</mi><mo>&#x2265;</mo><mi>b</mi><mo>&#x003E;</mo><mn>0</mn>
  </mrow>
 <annotation encoding='MathType-MTEF'>
 MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrVepeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamyyaiabgwMiZkaadkgacqGH+aGpcaaIWaaaaa@3B3E@</annotation>
</semantics></mstyle>
</math>) vier Quadrate der Kantenlänge <i>x</i> aus und klappen die so entstandenen Laschen nach oben. 
Die Skizze zeigt eine solche Pappe mit <i>a</i>&#160;=&#160;<span style="font-family: Courier New; font-size: 11pt">240px</span> und <i>b</i>&#160;=&#160;<span style="font-family: Courier New; font-size: 11pt">180px</span>.</p>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="margin-top:0px"><tr>
<td height="190px" width="250px" valign="top" onmousemove="move3(event.clientX)" onmouseup="drag3=0;">
<span style="position:relative; top:0px; left:0px; height:1px;">
<input type="text" id="Te6" style="position:relative; left:245px; top:103px; width:25px; height:20px; font-family: Courier New; font-size: 8pt; text-align: left; color:blue; margin-bottom: -1pt; border: 0px solid #0000FF; padding-left: 4; padding-right: 4; padding-top: 1; padding-bottom: 0"/>
<input type="text" id="Te5" style="position:absolute; top:3px; left:5px; width:240px; font-family: Courier New; font-size: 8pt; text-align: center; color:blue; margin-bottom: -1pt; border: 0px solid #0000FF; padding-left: 4; padding-right: 4; padding-top: 1; padding-bottom: 0"/>
</span>

<div style="position:relative; top:0px; left:0px">
<span id="anchor2" style="z-index:100; width:8pt; height:8px; position:absolute; top:23px; left:36px;">
<p style="margin-top:0px; cursor:crosshair; font-size:22pt; color:blue" onmousedown="x03=event.clientX;y03=event.clientY;fix3()">&#9642;</p>
</span>
<table id="z0" border="0" style="z-index:90; border-collapse: collapse" bordercolor="#111111">
  <tr>
    <td id="z1" style="padding:0; border-left: 1px dashed black; border-top: 1px dashed black"></td>
    <td id="z2" style="padding:0; border-left: 1px solid black;  border-top: 1px solid black; border-right: 1px solid black" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"></td>
    <td id="z3" style="padding:0; border-top: 1px dashed black; border-right: 1px dashed black"></td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td id="z4" style="padding:0; border-left: 1px solid black; border-top: 1px solid black; border-bottom: 1px solid black" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"></td>
    <td id="z5" bgcolor="#CCCCCC" style="padding: 0; border: 1px solid gray"></td>
    <td id="z6" style="padding:0; border-top: 1px solid black; border-right: 1px solid black; border-bottom: 1px solid black" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"></td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td id="z7" style="padding:0; border-left: 1px dashed black; border-bottom: 1px dashed black"></td>
    <td id="z8" style="padding:0; border-left: 1px solid black; border-bottom: 1px solid black; border-right: 1px solid black" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"></td>
    <td id="z9" style="padding:0; border-right: 1px dashed black; border-bottom: 1px dashed black"></td>
  </tr>
</table>
<div id="init" style="z-index=80; display: none; border: 1px solid gray; background:#CCCCCC"></div>
</div>

</td>
<td valign="bottom"><form style="margin-left:20px">
<p>Schneidet man z.B. an jeder Ecke ein <input type="text" id="Te3" size="8" style="font-family: Courier New; font-size: 11pt; text-align: center; color:blue; margin-bottom: 0pt; border: 0px solid #0000FF; padding-left: 0; padding-right: 0; padding-top: 2; padding-bottom: 0"/> großes Quadrat aus, so wird der Karton 
<i>a</i>&#160;&#x2212;&#160;2<i>x</i>&#160;=&#160;<input type="text" id="Te8" style="width:45px; font-family: Courier New; font-size: 11pt; text-align: left; color:blue; margin-bottom: 0pt; border: 0px solid #0000FF; padding-left: 0; padding-right: 0; padding-top: 2; padding-bottom: 0"/> lang,
<i>b</i>&#160;&#x2212;&#160;2<i>x</i>&#160;=&#160;<input type="text" id="Te9" style="width:45px; font-family: Courier New; font-size: 11pt; text-align: left; color:blue; margin-bottom: 0pt; border: 0px solid #0000FF; padding-left: 0; padding-right: 0; padding-top: 2; padding-bottom: 0"/> breit und 
<i>x</i>&#160;=&#160;<input type="text" id="Te7" style="width:40px; font-family: Courier New; font-size: 11pt; text-align: left; color:blue; margin-bottom: 0pt; border: 0px solid #0000FF; padding-left: 0; padding-right: 0; padding-top: 2; padding-bottom: 0"/> hoch. Er hat also ein Volumen von</p>
<div>
(<i>a</i>&#160;&#x2212;&#160;2<i>x</i>)&#183;(<i>b</i>&#160;&#x2212;&#160;2<i>x</i>)&#183;<i>x</i>&#160;=&#160;<input type="text" id="Te4" style="width:85px; font-family: Courier New; font-size: 11pt; text-align: left; color:blue; margin-bottom: 0pt; border: 0px solid #0000FF; padding-left: 0; padding-right: 0; padding-top: 2; padding-bottom: 0"/>.
</div>
<p>Die Zielfunktion&#160; <math xmlns='http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML' display='inline'>
 <mstyle displaystyle='true'><semantics>
  <mrow>
   <mi>V</mi><mo>:</mo><mo stretchy='false' rspace='0.1em'>[</mo><mn>0,</mn><mfrac>
    <mi>b</mi>
    <mn>2</mn>
   </mfrac>
   <mo stretchy='false' lspace='0.1em'>]</mo><mo>&#x2192;</mo><mi>&#x211D;</mi>
  </mrow>
 <annotation encoding='MathType-MTEF'>
 MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrVepeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamOvaiaacQdacaGGBbGaaGimaiaacYcadaWcaaqaaiaadkgaaeaacaaIYaaaaiaac2facqGHsgIRcqWIDesOaaa@3FBC@</annotation>
</semantics></mstyle>
</math>, gegeben durch</p>
<div style="margin-bottom:-20px">
<math xmlns='http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML' display='inline'>
 <mstyle displaystyle='true'><semantics>
  <mrow>
   <mi>V</mi><mo stretchy='false'>(</mo><mi>x</mi><mo stretchy='false'>)</mo><mo>=</mo><mo stretchy='false'>(</mo><mi>a</mi><mo>&#x2212;</mo><mn>2</mn><mi>x</mi><mo stretchy='false'>)</mo><mo>&#x22C5;</mo><mo stretchy='false'>(</mo><mi>b</mi><mo>&#x2212;</mo><mn>2</mn><mi>x</mi><mo stretchy='false'>)</mo><mo>&#x22C5;</mo><mi>x</mi>
  </mrow>
 <annotation encoding='MathType-MTEF'>
 MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrVepeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamOvaiaacIcacaWG4bGaaiykaiabg2da9iaacIcacaWGHbGaeyOeI0IaaGOmaiaadIhacaGGPaGaeyyXICTaaiikaiaadkgacqGHsislcaaIYaGaamiEaiaacMcacqGHflY1caWG4baaaa@497C@</annotation>
</semantics></mstyle>
</math>,<span class="num" style="margin-left:50pt"><a name="a3">[3]</a></span>
</div>
</form>
</td>
</tr></table>
<p>formulieren wir in diesem Fall direkt, also ohne die <span class="inf" style="white-space:normal" onmouseover="if(active1==0){position('tip1','tab1',event.clientX,event.clientY); document.getElementById('tip1').className='tooltip_v'};active1=1">
Nebenbedingung<img class="inf" style="margin-left:3px; margin-right:3px" src="../info.gif" width="10" height="10"/></span>
<span id="tip1" class="tooltip_h">
<table id="tab1" border="0" style="width:270px" ><tr><td onmousedown="x0=event.clientX;y0=event.clientY;fix('tip1')" onmouseup="drag=0" style="border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-color:blue; font-family:monospace"><p style="cursor: move; color:blue; margin-top:-5px; margin-bottom:0px; size:12pt; font-weight:bold">&#160;i</p><img onclick="active1=0;document.getElementById('tip1').className='tooltip_h'" src="../close.gif" width="10" height="10" style="float: right; margin-top:-15px"/></td></tr>
<tr><td>
<p style="white-space:normal">Eine ausführliche Schreibweise, hier etwa</p>
<div>
<i>V</i>(<i>x</i>)&#160;=&#160;<i>länge&#183;breite&#183;x</i>
</div>
<p>mit der Nebenbedingung "<i>länge</i>&#160;=&#160;<i>a</i>&#160;&#x2212;&#160;2<i>x</i> und <i>breite</i>&#160;=&#160;<i>b</i>&#160;&#x2212;&#160;2<i>x</i>", ist in überschaubaren Fällen oft unangemessen aufwändig.</p>
</td></tr></table>
</span> explizit anzugeben. Zunächst finden wir die lokalen Extremstellen von <i>V</i> im Inneren des Definitionsintervalls. Mit</p>
<div>
<math xmlns='http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML' display='inline'>
 <mstyle displaystyle='true'><semantics>
  <mtable columnalign='left'>
   <mtr>
    <mtd>
     <mi>V</mi><mo stretchy='false'>(</mo><mi>x</mi><mo stretchy='false'>)</mo><mo>=</mo><mn>4</mn><msup>
      <mi>x</mi>
      <mn>3</mn>
     </msup>
     <mo>&#x2212;</mo><mn>2</mn><mo stretchy='false'>(</mo><mi>a</mi><mo>+</mo><mi>b</mi><mo stretchy='false'>)</mo><msup>
      <mi>x</mi>
      <mn>2</mn>
     </msup>
     <mo>+</mo><mi>a</mi><mi>b</mi><mi>x</mi>
    </mtd>
   </mtr>
   <mtr>
    <mtd>
     <msup>
      <mi>V</mi>
      <mo>&#x2032;</mo>
     </msup>
     <mo stretchy='false'>(</mo><mi>x</mi><mo stretchy='false'>)</mo><mo>=</mo><mn>12</mn><msup>
      <mi>x</mi>
      <mn>2</mn>
     </msup>
     <mo>&#x2212;</mo><mn>4</mn><mo stretchy='false'>(</mo><mi>a</mi><mo>+</mo><mi>b</mi><mo stretchy='false'>)</mo><mi>x</mi><mo>+</mo><mi>a</mi><mi>b</mi>
    </mtd>
   </mtr>
   <mtr>
    <mtd>
     <msup>
      <msup>
       <mi>V</mi>
       <mo>&#x2032;</mo>
      </msup>
      
      <mo>&#x2032;</mo>
     </msup>
     <mo stretchy='false'>(</mo><mi>x</mi><mo stretchy='false'>)</mo><mo>=</mo><mn>24</mn><mi>x</mi><mo>&#x2212;</mo><mn>4</mn><mo stretchy='false'>(</mo><mi>a</mi><mo>+</mo><mi>b</mi><mo stretchy='false'>)</mo>
    </mtd>
   </mtr>
  </mtable>
  
 <annotation encoding='MathType-MTEF'>
 MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrVepeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=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@65A5@</annotation>
</semantics></mstyle>
</math>
</div>
<p>erhalten wir:&#160; <math xmlns='http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML' display='inline'>
 <mstyle displaystyle='true'><semantics>
  <mrow>
   <msup>
    <mi>V</mi>
    <mo>&#x2032;</mo>
   </msup>
   <mo stretchy='false'>(</mo><mi>x</mi><mo stretchy='false'>)</mo><mo>=</mo><mn>0</mn><mtext>&#x2003;</mtext><mo>&#x21D4;</mo><mtext>&#x2003;</mtext><mi>x</mi><mo>=</mo><mfrac>
    <mn>1</mn>
    <mn>6</mn>
   </mfrac>
   <mo stretchy='false'>(</mo><mi>a</mi><mo>+</mo><mi>b</mi><mo stretchy='false'>)</mo><mo>&#x00B1;</mo><mfrac>
    <mn>1</mn>
    <mn>6</mn>
   </mfrac>
   <msqrt>
    <mrow>
     <msup>
      <mrow>
       <mo stretchy='false'>(</mo><mi>a</mi><mo>+</mo><mi>b</mi><mo stretchy='false'>)</mo>
      </mrow>
      <mn>2</mn>
     </msup>
     <mo>&#x2212;</mo><mn>3</mn><mi>a</mi><mi>b</mi>
    </mrow>
   </msqrt>
   <mo>=</mo><mfrac>
    <mn>1</mn>
    <mn>6</mn>
   </mfrac>
   <mo stretchy='false'>(</mo><mi>a</mi><mo>+</mo><mi>b</mi><mo>&#x00B1;</mo><msqrt>
    <mrow>
     <msup>
      <mrow>
       <mo stretchy='false'>(</mo><mi>a</mi><mo>&#x2212;</mo><mi>b</mi><mo stretchy='false'>)</mo>
      </mrow>
      <mn>2</mn>
     </msup>
     <mo>+</mo><mi>a</mi><mi>b</mi>
    </mrow>
   </msqrt>
   <mo stretchy='false'>)</mo>
  </mrow>
 <annotation encoding='MathType-MTEF'>
 MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrVepeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=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@6465@</annotation>
</semantics></mstyle>
</math>. Da</p>
<div><math xmlns='http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML' display='inline'>
 <mstyle displaystyle='true'><semantics><mrow>
  <mfrac>
   <mn>1</mn>
   <mn>6</mn>
  </mfrac>
  <mo stretchy='false'>(</mo><mi>a</mi><mo>+</mo><mi>b</mi><mo>+</mo><msqrt>
   <mrow>
    <msup>
     <mrow>
      <mo stretchy='false'>(</mo><mi>a</mi><mo>&#x2212;</mo><mi>b</mi><mo stretchy='false'>)</mo>
     </mrow>
     <mn>2</mn>
    </msup>
    <mo>+</mo><mi>a</mi><mi>b</mi>
   </mrow>
  </msqrt>
  <mo stretchy='false'>)</mo><mo>&#x2265;</mo><mfrac>
   <mn>1</mn>
   <mn>6</mn>
  </mfrac>
  <mo stretchy='false'>(</mo><mi>a</mi><mo>+</mo><mi>b</mi><mo>+</mo><msqrt>
   <mrow>
    <mi>a</mi><mi>b</mi>
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  <mo stretchy='false'>)</mo><mo>&#x2265;</mo><mfrac>
   <mn>1</mn>
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  <mo stretchy='false'>(</mo><mi>b</mi><mo>+</mo><mi>b</mi><mo>+</mo><msqrt>
   <mrow>
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<p>gehört die erste Lösung nicht zu <math xmlns='http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML' display='inline'>
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</math>, im Gegensatz zur zweiten, denn hier hat man</p>
<div>
<math xmlns='http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML' display='inline'>
 <mstyle displaystyle='true'><semantics>
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        <mn>1</mn>
        <mn>6</mn>
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       <mo stretchy='false'>(</mo><mi>a</mi><mo>+</mo><mi>b</mi><mo>&#x2212;</mo><msqrt>
        <mrow>
         <msup>
          <mrow>
           <mo stretchy='false'>(</mo><mi>a</mi><mo>+</mo><mi>b</mi><mo stretchy='false'>)</mo>
          </mrow>
          <mn>2</mn>
         </msup>
         
        </mrow>
       </msqrt>
       <mo stretchy='false'>)</mo>
      </mrow>
     </mtd>
     <mtd columnalign='left'>
      <mrow>
       <mo>&#x003C;</mo><mfrac>
        <mn>1</mn>
        <mn>6</mn>
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          <mrow>
           <mo stretchy='false'>(</mo><mi>a</mi><mo>+</mo><mi>b</mi><mo stretchy='false'>)</mo>
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          <mn>2</mn>
         </msup>
         <mo>&#x2212;</mo><mn>3</mn><mi>a</mi><mi>b</mi>
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       </msqrt>
       <mo stretchy='false'>)</mo>
      </mrow>
     </mtd>
    </mtr>
    <mtr columnalign='left'>
     <mtd columnalign='left'>
      <mrow></mrow>
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     <mtd columnalign='left'>
      <mrow>
       <mo>=</mo><mfrac>
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       <mo stretchy='false'>(</mo><mi>a</mi><mo>+</mo><mi>b</mi><mo>&#x2212;</mo><msqrt>
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          <mn>2</mn>
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         <mo>+</mo><mi>a</mi><mi>b</mi>
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       <mo stretchy='false'>)</mo>
      </mrow>
     </mtd>
    </mtr>
    <mtr columnalign='left'>
     <mtd columnalign='left'>
      <mrow></mrow>
     </mtd>
     <mtd columnalign='left'>
      <mrow>
       <mo>&#x003C;</mo><mfrac>
        <mn>1</mn>
        <mn>6</mn>
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       <mo stretchy='false'>(</mo><mi>a</mi><mo>+</mo><mi>b</mi><mo>&#x2212;</mo><msqrt>
        <mrow>
         <msup>
          <mrow>
           <mo stretchy='false'>(</mo><mi>a</mi><mo>&#x2212;</mo><mi>b</mi><mo stretchy='false'>)</mo>
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          <mn>2</mn>
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        </mrow>
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       <mo stretchy='false'>)</mo>
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     </mtd>
    </mtr>
    <mtr columnalign='left'>
     <mtd columnalign='left'>
      <mrow></mrow>
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     <mtd columnalign='left'>
      <mrow>
       <mo>=</mo><mfrac>
        <mi>b</mi>
        <mn>3</mn>
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       <mo>&#x003C;</mo><mfrac>
        <mi>b</mi>
        <mn>2</mn>
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      </mrow><mtext>.</mtext>
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  </mrow>
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</math><span class="num" style="margin-left:50pt"><a name="a4">[4]</a></span>
</div>
<p>Und da&#160; <math xmlns='http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML' display='inline'>
 <mstyle displaystyle='true'><semantics>
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     <mi>V</mi>
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    <mo>&#x2032;</mo>
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   <mo stretchy='false'>(</mo><mi>a</mi><mo>+</mo><mi>b</mi><mo>&#x2212;</mo><msqrt>
    <mrow>
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       <mo stretchy='false'>(</mo><mi>a</mi><mo>&#x2212;</mo><mi>b</mi><mo stretchy='false'>)</mo>
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      <mn>2</mn>
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     <mo>+</mo><mi>a</mi><mi>b</mi>
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   <mo stretchy='false'>)</mo><mo stretchy='false'>)</mo><mo>=</mo><mo>&#x2212;</mo><msqrt>
    <mrow>
     <msup>
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       <mo stretchy='false'>(</mo><mi>a</mi><mo>&#x2212;</mo><mi>b</mi><mo stretchy='false'>)</mo>
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      <mn>2</mn>
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     <mo>+</mo><mi>a</mi><mi>b</mi>
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   <mo>&#x003C;</mo><mn>0</mn>
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</math>, liegt hier tatsächlich ein lokales Maximum vor.</p>
<p>Überdies ist nach <a class="ref" href="#a4">[4]</a> das Doppelte dieser Lösung kleiner als <i>b</i>, also auch kleiner als <i>a</i>. Die Darstellung <a class="ref" href="#a3">[3]</a> garantiert daher</p>
<div>
<math xmlns='http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML' display='inline'>
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     <mo>+</mo><mi>a</mi><mi>b</mi>
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   <mo stretchy='false'>)</mo><mo stretchy='false'>)</mo><mo>&#x003E;</mo><mn>0</mn>
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</math>,
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<p>so dass sich <math xmlns='http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML' display='inline'>
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</math> nach Vergleich mit den Randwerten <math xmlns='http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML' display='inline'>
 <mstyle displaystyle='true'><semantics>
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</math> als globale Maximalstelle erweist. In unserem Beispiel ist dies (gerundet) der Wert 34px.</p>

<p>&#160;</p>
<p>In der Physik stellen sich Zustände oft so ein, dass eine bestimmte Größe minimal wird. Die Gestalt einer Seifenblase etwa hat aus energetischen Gründen stets eine minimale Oberfläche, so dass sich hier die Kugelform einstellt. Oft sind auch physikalische Gesetze Ausdruck dieses Minimalprinzips. Wir zeigen dies am Beispiel des Reflexionsgesetzes ("Einfallswinkel = Ausfallswinkel"):</p>
<p style="margin-left:10px;margin-right:10px;font-family:monospace;font-size:10pt">Erreicht das von einem Sender ausgesandte Signal den Empfänger erst nach Reflexion an einer Ebene, so ist der Einfallswinkel <i>&#945;</i> genauso groß wie der Ausfallswinkel (Reflexionswinkel) <i>&#946;</i>.</p>
<p>Dieses Gesetz, so werden wir jetzt zeigen, gilt bei einer Reflexion genau dann, wenn das Signal unter allen denkbaren Wegen den kürzesten gewählt hat.</p>

<table class="main"><tr><td class="main">

<p><u><b>Bemerkung:</b></u> &#160;Für eine beliebige Reflexion mit Einfallswinkel <i>&#945;</i> und Ausfallswinkel <i>&#946;</i> gilt:</p>

<table><tr><td class="def">
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<math xmlns='http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML' display='inline'>
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</math>die Länge des Signalwegs ist minimal. 
 </div></td><td class="num" width="80px">
<span class="num"><a name="2">[7.11.2]</a></span></td></tr></table>

<p class="beweis"><i>Beweis</i>: &#160;Wir führen ein geeignetes Koordinatensystem so ein, dass der Sender in (0,<i>s</i>) und der Empfänger in (<i>a</i>,<i>b</i>) positioniert ist. Die Reflexion erfolgt im Punkt (<i>x</i>,0). Für <math xmlns='http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML' display='inline'>
 <mstyle displaystyle='true'><semantics>
  <mrow>
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</math> ergibt sich damit das folgende

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Bild<img id="sw2" style="display:none; margin-left:3px; margin-right:3px" src="../info.gif" width="10" height="10"/></span>:</p>
<center>
<span id="tip0" class="tooltip_vv">
<table id="tab0" border="0" style="width:397px; height:165px" ><tr><td onmousedown="x0=event.clientX;y0=event.clientY;fix('tip0')" onmouseup="drag=0" style="border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-color:blue; font-family:monospace"><p style="color:blue; margin-top:-5px; margin-bottom:0px; size:12pt; font-weight:bold">&#160;</p><img onclick="document.getElementById('sw2').style.display='inline';document.getElementById('sw1').style.color='blue';active0=0;document.getElementById('tip0').className='tooltip_h'" src="../close.gif" width="10" height="10" style="float: right; margin-top:-15px"/>
<p style="cursor:pointer; margin-left:210px; margin-top:5pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-align:right" onclick="i=(i+1)%2; document.getElementById('text').style.display=key[i]; document.getElementById('reflexion').style.background=back[i]; document.getElementById('ani').style.color=col[(i+1)%2]; document.getElementById('geo').style.color=col[i]"><span id="ani" style="color:">Animation</span> &#8596; <span id="geo" style="color:blue">Trigonometrie</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td id="reflexion" style="width:397px; height:134px; background:#000000 url('reflexion.gif')" valign="top">
<div id="text" style="display:block">
<p style="color:white; margin-left:10px; margin-top:-8px; font-size:12pt"><i>s</i></p>
<p style="color:white; margin-left:10px; margin-top:9px; font-size:12pt"><i>b</i></p>
<p style="color:white; margin-left:145px; margin-top:52px; margin-bottom:0px; font-size:12pt"><i>x<span style="color:white; position:relative; top:0px; left:227px">a</span></i></p>
</div>

</td></tr></table>
</span>
</center>
<p>Die Länge <math xmlns='http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML' display='inline'>
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  </mrow>
 <annotation encoding='MathType-MTEF'>
 MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrVepeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamiBaiaacIcacaWG4bGaaiykaaaa@3930@</annotation>
</semantics></mstyle>
</math> des Signalwegs hängt von der Position des Reflexionspunktes ab und ergibt sich nach Pythagoras (Option Trigonometrie wählen) zu</p>
<div>
<math xmlns='http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML' display='inline'>
 <mstyle displaystyle='true'><semantics>
  <mrow>
   <mi>l</mi><mo stretchy='false'>(</mo><mi>x</mi><mo stretchy='false'>)</mo><mo>=</mo><msqrt>
    <mrow>
     <msup>
      <mi>x</mi>
      <mn>2</mn>
     </msup>
     <mo>+</mo><msup>
      <mi>s</mi>
      <mn>2</mn>
     </msup>
     
    </mrow>
   </msqrt>
   <mo>+</mo><msqrt>
    <mrow>
     <msup>
      <mrow>
       <mo stretchy='false'>(</mo><mi>a</mi><mo>&#x2212;</mo><mi>x</mi><mo stretchy='false'>)</mo>
      </mrow>
      <mn>2</mn>
     </msup>
     <mo>+</mo><msup>
      <mi>b</mi>
      <mn>2</mn>
     </msup>
     
    </mrow>
   </msqrt>
   <mo>,</mo><mtext>&#x2003;</mtext><mi>x</mi><mo>&#x2208;</mo><mo stretchy='false' rspace='0.1em'>[</mo><mn>0</mn><mo>,</mo><mi>a</mi><mo stretchy='false' lspace='0.1em'>]</mo>
  </mrow>
 <annotation encoding='MathType-MTEF'>
 MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrVepeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamiBaiaacIcacaWG4bGaaiykaiabg2da9maakaaabaGaamiEamaaCaaaleqabaGaaGOmaaaakiabgUcaRiaadohadaahaaWcbeqaaiaaikdaaaaabeaakiabgUcaRmaakaaabaGaaiikaiaadggacqGHsislcaWG4bGaaiykamaaCaaaleqabaGaaGOmaaaakiabgUcaRiaadkgadaahaaWcbeqaaiaaikdaaaaabeaakiaacYcacaaMf8UaamiEaiabgIGiolaacUfacaaIWaGaaiilaiaadggacaGGDbaaaa@509C@</annotation>
</semantics></mstyle>
</math>
</div>
<p><i>l</i> ist zweimal differenzierbar mit den Ableitungen</p>
<a name="a5"></a><a name="a6"></a>
<div>
<math xmlns='http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML' display='inline'>
 <mstyle displaystyle='true'><semantics>
  <mrow>
   <mtable columnalign='left' columnspacing='0.4em'>
    <mtr columnalign='left'>
     <mtd columnalign='right'>
      <mrow>
       <msup>
        <mi>l</mi>
        <mo>&#x2032;</mo>
       </msup>
       <mo stretchy='false'>(</mo><mi>x</mi><mo stretchy='false'>)</mo><mo>=</mo>
      </mrow>
     </mtd>
     <mtd columnalign='left'>
      <mrow>
       <mfrac>
        <mi>x</mi>
        <mrow>
         <msqrt>
          <mrow>
           <msup>
            <mi>x</mi>
            <mn>2</mn>
           </msup>
           <mo>+</mo><msup>
            <mi>s</mi>
            <mn>2</mn>
           </msup>
           
          </mrow>
         </msqrt>
         
        </mrow>
       </mfrac>
       <mo>&#x2212;</mo><mfrac>
        <mrow>
         <mi>a</mi><mo>&#x2212;</mo><mi>x</mi>
        </mrow>
        <mrow>
         <msqrt>
          <mrow>
           <msup>
            <mrow>
             <mo stretchy='false'>(</mo><mi>a</mi><mo>&#x2212;</mo><mi>x</mi><mo stretchy='false'>)</mo>
            </mrow>
            <mn>2</mn>
           </msup>
           <mo>+</mo><msup>
            <mi>b</mi>
            <mn>2</mn>
           </msup>
           
          </mrow>
         </msqrt>
         
        </mrow>
       </mfrac><mspace width='50px'/><mstyle mathvariant='monospace' mathsize='10pt' mathcolor='#808080'><mtext>[5]</mtext></mstyle>
       
      </mrow>
     </mtd>
    </mtr>
    <mtr columnalign='left'>
     <mtd columnalign='right'>
      <mrow>
       <msup>
        <msup>
         <mi>l</mi>
         <mo>&#x2032;</mo>
        </msup>
        
        <mo>&#x2032;</mo>
       </msup>
       <mo stretchy='false'>(</mo><mi>x</mi><mo stretchy='false'>)</mo><mo>=</mo>
      </mrow>
     </mtd>
     <mtd columnalign='left'>
      <mrow>
       <mfrac>
        <mrow>
         <msup>
          <mi>s</mi>
          <mn>2</mn>
         </msup>
         
        </mrow>
        <mrow>
         <msup>
          <mrow>
           <msqrt>
            <mrow>
             <msup>
              <mi>x</mi>
              <mn>2</mn>
             </msup>
             <mo>+</mo><msup>
              <mi>s</mi>
              <mn>2</mn>
             </msup>
             
            </mrow>
           </msqrt>
           
          </mrow>
          <mn>3</mn>
         </msup>
         
        </mrow>
       </mfrac>
       <mo>+</mo><mfrac>
        <mrow>
         <msup>
          <mi>b</mi>
          <mn>2</mn>
         </msup>
         
        </mrow>
        <mrow>
         <msup>
          <mrow>
           <msqrt>
            <mrow>
             <msup>
              <mrow>
               <mo stretchy='false'>(</mo><mi>a</mi><mo>&#x2212;</mo><mi>x</mi><mo stretchy='false'>)</mo>
              </mrow>
              <mn>2</mn>
             </msup>
             <mo>+</mo><msup>
              <mi>b</mi>
              <mn>2</mn>
             </msup>
             
            </mrow>
           </msqrt>
           
          </mrow>
          <mn>3</mn>
         </msup>
         
        </mrow>
       </mfrac>
       <mo>&#x003E;</mo><mn>0</mn><mspace width='50px'/><mstyle mathvariant='monospace' mathsize='10pt' mathcolor='#808080'><mtext>[6]</mtext></mstyle>
      </mrow>
     </mtd>
    </mtr>
    
   </mtable>
  </mrow>
 <annotation encoding='MathType-MTEF'>
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</semantics></mstyle>
</math>
</div>
<p>Mit <a class="ref" href="#a5">[5]</a> erhalten wir für <math xmlns='http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML' display='inline'>
 <mstyle displaystyle='true'><semantics>
  <mrow>
   <mi>x</mi><mo>&#x2208;</mo><mo stretchy='false' lspace='0.1em' rspace='0.1em'>]</mo><mn>0</mn><mo>,</mo><mi>a</mi><mo stretchy='false' rspace='0.1em' lspace='0.1em'>[</mo>
  </mrow>
 <annotation encoding='MathType-MTEF'>
 MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamiEaiabgIGiolaac2facaaIWaGaaiilaiaadggacaGGBbaaaa@3C7D@</annotation>
</semantics></mstyle>
</math> zunächst die folgende Äquivalenz:</p>
<a name="#a7"></a>
<div>
<math xmlns='http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML' display='inline'>
 <mstyle displaystyle='true'><semantics>
  <mrow>
   <mtable columnalign='left' columnspacing='0'>
    <mtr columnalign='left'>
     <mtd columnalign='left'>
      <mrow>
       <msup>
        <mi>l</mi>
        <mo>&#x2032;</mo>
       </msup>
       <mo stretchy='false'>(</mo><mi>x</mi><mo stretchy='false'>)</mo><mo>=</mo><mn>0</mn><mtext>&#x2003;</mtext>
      </mrow>
     </mtd>
     <mtd columnalign='left'>
      <mrow>
       <mo>&#x21D4;</mo><mtext>&#x2003;</mtext><mfrac>
        <mi>x</mi>
        <mrow>
         <msqrt>
          <mrow>
           <msup>
            <mi>x</mi>
            <mn>2</mn>
           </msup>
           <mo>+</mo><msup>
            <mi>s</mi>
            <mn>2</mn>
           </msup>
           
          </mrow>
         </msqrt>
         
        </mrow>
       </mfrac>
       <mo>=</mo><mfrac>
        <mrow>
         <mi>a</mi><mo>&#x2212;</mo><mi>x</mi>
        </mrow>
        <mrow>
         <msqrt>
          <mrow>
           <msup>
            <mrow>
             <mo stretchy='false'>(</mo><mi>a</mi><mo>&#x2212;</mo><mi>x</mi><mo stretchy='false'>)</mo>
            </mrow>
            <mn>2</mn>
           </msup>
           <mo>+</mo><msup>
            <mi>b</mi>
            <mn>2</mn>
           </msup>
           
          </mrow>
         </msqrt>
         
        </mrow>
       </mfrac>
       
      </mrow>
     </mtd>
    </mtr>
    <mtr columnalign='left'>
     <mtd columnalign='left'>
      <mrow></mrow>
     </mtd>
     <mtd columnalign='left'>
      <mrow>
       <mo>&#x21D4;</mo><mtext>&#x2003;</mtext><mi>sin</mi><mo>&#x2061;</mo><mi>&#x03B1;</mi><mo>=</mo><mi>sin</mi><mo>&#x2061;</mo><mi>&#x03B2;</mi>
      </mrow>
     </mtd>
    </mtr>
    <mtr columnalign='left'>
     <mtd columnalign='left'>
      <mrow></mrow>
     </mtd>
     <mtd columnalign='left'>
      <mrow>
       <mo>&#x21D4;</mo><mtext>&#x2003;</mtext><mi>&#x03B1;</mi><mo>=</mo><mi>&#x03B2;</mi><mspace width='50px'/><mstyle mathvariant='monospace' mathsize='10pt' mathcolor='#808080'><mtext>[7]</mtext></mstyle>
      </mrow>
     </mtd>
    </mtr>
    <mtr columnalign='left'>
     <mtd columnalign='left'>
      <mrow></mrow>
     </mtd>
     <mtd columnalign='left'>
      <mrow>
       <mo>&#x21D4;</mo><mtext>&#x2003;</mtext><mi>tan</mi><mo>&#x2061;</mo><mi>&#x03B1;</mi><mo>=</mo><mi>tan</mi><mo>&#x2061;</mo><mi>&#x03B2;</mi>
      </mrow>
     </mtd>
    </mtr>
    <mtr columnalign='left'>
     <mtd columnalign='left'>
      <mrow></mrow>
     </mtd>
     <mtd columnalign='left'>
      <mrow>
       <mo>&#x21D4;</mo><mtext>&#x2003;</mtext><mfrac>
        <mi>s</mi>
        <mi>x</mi>
       </mfrac>
       <mo>=</mo><mfrac>
        <mi>b</mi>
        <mrow>
         <mi>a</mi><mo>&#x2212;</mo><mi>x</mi>
        </mrow>
       </mfrac>
       
      </mrow>
     </mtd>
    </mtr>
    <mtr columnalign='left'>
     <mtd columnalign='left'>
      <mrow></mrow>
     </mtd>
     <mtd columnalign='left'>
      <mrow>
       <mo>&#x21D4;</mo><mtext>&#x2003;</mtext><mi>x</mi><mo>=</mo><mfrac>
        <mrow>
         <mi>a</mi><mo>&#x22C5;</mo><mi>s</mi>
        </mrow>
        <mrow>
         <mi>b</mi><mo>+</mo><mi>s</mi>
        </mrow>
       </mfrac>
       
      </mrow>
     </mtd>
    </mtr>
    
   </mtable>
  </mrow>
 <annotation encoding='MathType-MTEF'>
 MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=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@8DBE@</annotation>
</semantics></mstyle>
</math>
</div>
<p>Mit <a class="ref" href="#a6">[6]</a> weiß man daher: <i>l</i> besitzt genau ein lokales Minimum in <math xmlns='http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML' display='inline'>
 <mstyle displaystyle='true'><semantics>
  <mrow>
   <mo stretchy='false' lspace='0.1em' rspace='0.1em'>]</mo><mn>0</mn><mo>,</mo><mi>a</mi><mo stretchy='false' rspace='0.1em' lspace='0.1em'>[</mo>
  </mrow>
 <annotation encoding='MathType-MTEF'>
 MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaaiyxaiaaicdacaGGSaGaamyyaiaacUfaaaa@39FC@</annotation>
</semantics></mstyle>
</math>, und zwar in <span class="inf" style="white-space:normal" onmouseover="if(active2==0){position('tip2','tab2',event.clientX,event.clientY); document.getElementById('tip2').className='tooltip_v'};active2=1">
<math xmlns='http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML' display='inline'>
 <mstyle displaystyle='true'><semantics>
  <mrow>
   <mfrac>
    <mrow>
     <mi>a</mi><mo>&#x22C5;</mo><mi>s</mi>
    </mrow>
    <mrow>
     <mi>b</mi><mo>+</mo><mi>s</mi>
    </mrow>
   </mfrac>
   
  </mrow>
 <annotation encoding='MathType-MTEF'>
 MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaWaaSaaaeaacaWGHbGaeyyXICTaam4CaaqaaiaadkgacqGHRaWkcaWGZbaaaaaa@3CE5@</annotation>
</semantics></mstyle>
</math><img class="inf" style="margin-left:3px; margin-right:3px" src="../info.gif" width="10" height="10"/></span>
<span id="tip2" class="tooltip_h">
<table id="tab2" border="0" style="width:210px" ><tr><td onmousedown="x0=event.clientX;y0=event.clientY;fix('tip2')" onmouseup="drag=0" style="border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-color:blue; font-family:monospace"><p style="cursor: move; color:blue; margin-top:-5px; margin-bottom:0px; size:12pt; font-weight:bold">&#160;i</p><img onclick="active2=0;document.getElementById('tip2').className='tooltip_h'" src="../close.gif" width="10" height="10" style="float: right; margin-top:-15px"/></td></tr>
<tr><td>
<p style="white-space:normal">Beachte:&#160; <math xmlns='http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML' display='inline'>
 <mstyle displaystyle='true'><semantics>
  <mrow>
   <mn>0</mn><mo>&#x003C;</mo><mfrac>
    <mrow>
     <mi>a</mi><mo>&#x22C5;</mo><mi>s</mi>
    </mrow>
    <mrow>
     <mi>b</mi><mo>+</mo><mi>s</mi>
    </mrow>
   </mfrac>
   <mo>&#x003C;</mo><mfrac>
    <mrow>
     <mi>a</mi><mo>&#x22C5;</mo><mi>s</mi>
    </mrow>
    <mi>s</mi>
   </mfrac>
   <mo>=</mo><mi>a</mi>
  </mrow>
 <annotation encoding='MathType-MTEF'>
 MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaaGimaiabgYda8maalaaabaGaamyyaiabgwSixlaadohaaeaacaWGIbGaey4kaSIaam4CaaaacqGH8aapdaWcaaqaaiaadggacqGHflY1caWGZbaabaGaam4CaaaacqGH9aqpcaWGHbaaaa@46C3@</annotation>
</semantics></mstyle>
</math>.</p>
</td></tr></table>
</span>. Ein Vergleich mit den Randwerten</p>
<div>
<math xmlns='http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML' display='inline'>
 <mstyle displaystyle='true'><semantics>
  <mrow>
   <mtable columnalign='left'>
    <mtr columnalign='left'>
     <mtd columnalign='left'>
      <mrow>
       <mi>l</mi><mo stretchy='false'>(</mo><mn>0</mn><mo stretchy='false'>)</mo><mo>=</mo><mi>s</mi><mo>+</mo><msqrt>
        <mrow>
         <msup>
          <mi>a</mi>
          <mn>2</mn>
         </msup>
         <mo>+</mo><msup>
          <mi>b</mi>
          <mn>2</mn>
         </msup>
         
        </mrow>
       </msqrt>
       
      </mrow>
     </mtd>
    </mtr>
    <mtr columnalign='left'>
     <mtd columnalign='left'>
      <mrow>
       <mi>l</mi><mo stretchy='false'>(</mo><mi>a</mi><mo stretchy='false'>)</mo><mo>=</mo><msqrt>
        <mrow>
         <msup>
          <mi>a</mi>
          <mn>2</mn>
         </msup>
         <mo>+</mo><msup>
          <mi>s</mi>
          <mn>2</mn>
         </msup>
         
        </mrow>
       </msqrt>
       <mo>+</mo><mi>b</mi>
      </mrow>
     </mtd>
    </mtr>
    
   </mtable>
  </mrow>
 <annotation encoding='MathType-MTEF'>
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</math>
</div>
<p>zeigt nun, dass hier sogar das einzige globale Minimum vorliegt. Mit</p>
<div>
<math xmlns='http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML' display='inline'>
 <mstyle displaystyle='true'><semantics>
  <mrow>
   <mtable columnalign='left' columnspacing='0'>
    <mtr columnalign='left'>
     <mtd columnalign='left'>
      <mrow>
       <mi>l</mi><mo stretchy='false'>(</mo><mfrac>
        <mrow>
         <mi>a</mi><mo>&#x22C5;</mo><mi>s</mi>
        </mrow>
        <mrow>
         <mi>b</mi><mo>+</mo><mi>s</mi>
        </mrow>
       </mfrac>
       <mo stretchy='false'>)</mo><mspace width='0.4em'/>
      </mrow>
     </mtd>
     <mtd columnalign='left'>
      <mrow>
       <mo>=</mo><msqrt>
        <mrow>
         <mfrac>
          <mrow>
           <msup>
            <mi>a</mi>
            <mn>2</mn>
           </msup>
           <msup>
            <mi>s</mi>
            <mn>2</mn>
           </msup>
           
          </mrow>
          <mrow>
           <msup>
            <mrow>
             <mo stretchy='false'>(</mo><mi>b</mi><mo>+</mo><mi>s</mi><mo stretchy='false'>)</mo>
            </mrow>
            <mn>2</mn>
           </msup>
           
          </mrow>
         </mfrac>
         <mo>+</mo><msup>
          <mi>s</mi>
          <mn>2</mn>
         </msup>
         
        </mrow>
       </msqrt>
       <mo>+</mo><msqrt>
        <mrow>
         <msup>
          <mrow>
           <mo stretchy='false'>(</mo><mi>a</mi><mo>&#x2212;</mo><mfrac>
            <mrow>
             <mi>a</mi><mo>&#x22C5;</mo><mi>s</mi>
            </mrow>
            <mrow>
             <mi>b</mi><mo>+</mo><mi>s</mi>
            </mrow>
           </mfrac>
           <mo stretchy='false'>)</mo>
          </mrow>
          <mn>2</mn>
         </msup>
         <mo>+</mo><msup>
          <mi>b</mi>
          <mn>2</mn>
         </msup>
         
        </mrow>
       </msqrt>
       
      </mrow>
     </mtd>
    </mtr>
    <mtr columnalign='left'>
     <mtd columnalign='left'>
      <mrow></mrow>
     </mtd>
     <mtd columnalign='left'>
      <mrow>
       <mo>=</mo><mfrac>
        <mi>s</mi>
        <mrow>
         <mi>b</mi><mo>+</mo><mi>s</mi>
        </mrow>
       </mfrac>
       <msqrt>
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         <msup>
          <mi>a</mi>
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         <mo>+</mo><msup>
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          <mn>2</mn>
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        </mrow>
       </msqrt>
       <mo>+</mo><mfrac>
        <mi>b</mi>
        <mrow>
         <mi>b</mi><mo>+</mo><mi>s</mi>
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       </mfrac>
       <msqrt>
        <mrow>
         <msup>
          <mi>a</mi>
          <mn>2</mn>
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         <mo>+</mo><msup>
          <mrow>
           <mo stretchy='false'>(</mo><mi>b</mi><mo>+</mo><mi>s</mi><mo stretchy='false'>)</mo>
          </mrow>
          <mn>2</mn>
         </msup>
         
        </mrow>
       </msqrt>
       
      </mrow>
     </mtd>
    </mtr>
    <mtr columnalign='left'>
     <mtd columnalign='left'>
      <mrow></mrow>
     </mtd>
     <mtd columnalign='left'>
      <mrow>
       <mo>=</mo><msqrt>
        <mrow>
         <msup>
          <mi>a</mi>
          <mn>2</mn>
         </msup>
         <mo>+</mo><msup>
          <mrow>
           <mo stretchy='false'>(</mo><mi>b</mi><mo>+</mo><mi>s</mi><mo stretchy='false'>)</mo>
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          <mn>2</mn>
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        </mrow>
       </msqrt>
       
      </mrow>
     </mtd>
    </mtr>
    
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  </mrow>
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</math>
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<p>und den Abschätzungen <math xmlns='http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML' display='inline'>
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      <mn>2</mn>
     </msup>
     
    </mrow>
   </msqrt>
   <mo>&#x003C;</mo><msqrt>
    <mrow>
     <msup>
      <mi>a</mi>
      <mn>2</mn>
     </msup>
     <mo>+</mo><msup>
      <mi>b</mi>
      <mn>2</mn>
     </msup>
     
    </mrow>
   </msqrt>
   
  </mrow>
 <annotation encoding='MathType-MTEF'>
 MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamOyaiabg2da9maakaaabaGaamOyamaaCaaaleqabaGaaGOmaaaaaeqaaOGaeyipaWZaaOaaaeaacaWGHbWaaWbaaSqabeaacaaIYaaaaOGaey4kaSIaamOyamaaCaaaleqabaGaaGOmaaaaaeqaaaaa@3F62@</annotation>
</semantics></mstyle>
</math> bzw. <math xmlns='http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML' display='inline'>
 <mstyle displaystyle='true'><semantics>
  <mrow>
   <mi>s</mi><mo>=</mo><msqrt>
    <mrow>
     <msup>
      <mi>s</mi>
      <mn>2</mn>
     </msup>
     
    </mrow>
   </msqrt>
   <mo>&#x003C;</mo><msqrt>
    <mrow>
     <msup>
      <mi>a</mi>
      <mn>2</mn>
     </msup>
     <mo>+</mo><msup>
      <mi>s</mi>
      <mn>2</mn>
     </msup>
     
    </mrow>
   </msqrt>
   
  </mrow>
 <annotation encoding='MathType-MTEF'>
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</semantics></mstyle>
</math> folgt nämlich:</p>
<math xmlns='http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML' display='inline'>
 <mstyle displaystyle='true'><semantics>
  <mrow>
   <mtable columnalign='left' columnspacing='0'>
    <mtr columnalign='left'>
     <mtd columnalign='left'>
      <mrow>
       <mn>1.</mn>
      </mrow>
     </mtd>
     <mtd columnalign='left'>
      <mrow>
       <msup>
        <mi>a</mi>
        <mn>2</mn>
       </msup>
       <mo>+</mo><msup>
        <mrow>
         <mo stretchy='false'>(</mo><mi>b</mi><mo>+</mo><mi>s</mi><mo stretchy='false'>)</mo>
        </mrow>
        <mn>2</mn>
       </msup>
       <mo>&#x003C;</mo><msup>
        <mi>a</mi>
        <mn>2</mn>
       </msup>
       <mo>+</mo><msup>
        <mi>b</mi>
        <mn>2</mn>
       </msup>
       <mo>+</mo><msup>
        <mi>s</mi>
        <mn>2</mn>
       </msup>
       <mo>+</mo><mn>2</mn><mi>s</mi><msqrt>
        <mrow>
         <msup>
          <mi>a</mi>
          <mn>2</mn>
         </msup>
         <mo>+</mo><msup>
          <mi>b</mi>
          <mn>2</mn>
         </msup>
         
        </mrow>
       </msqrt>
       <mo>=</mo><msup>
        <mrow>
         <mo stretchy='true'>(</mo><mi>s</mi><mo>+</mo><msqrt>
          <mrow>
           <msup>
            <mi>a</mi>
            <mn>2</mn>
           </msup>
           <mo>+</mo><msup>
            <mi>b</mi>
            <mn>2</mn>
           </msup>
           
          </mrow>
         </msqrt>
         <mo stretchy='true'>)</mo>
        </mrow>
        <mn>2</mn>
       </msup>
       
      </mrow>
     </mtd>
    </mtr>
    <mtr columnalign='left'>
     <mtd columnalign='left'>
      <mrow>
       <mtext>&#x2003;</mtext><mtext>&#x2003;</mtext><mo>&#x21D2;</mo><mtext>&#x2003;</mtext>
      </mrow>
     </mtd>
     <mtd columnalign='left'>
      <mrow>
       <msqrt>
        <mrow>
         <msup>
          <mi>a</mi>
          <mn>2</mn>
         </msup>
         <mo>+</mo><msup>
          <mrow>
           <mo stretchy='false'>(</mo><mi>b</mi><mo>+</mo><mi>s</mi><mo stretchy='false'>)</mo>
          </mrow>
          <mn>2</mn>
         </msup>
         
        </mrow>
       </msqrt>
       <mo>&#x003C;</mo><mi>s</mi><mo>+</mo><msqrt>
        <mrow>
         <msup>
          <mi>a</mi>
          <mn>2</mn>
         </msup>
         <mo>+</mo><msup>
          <mi>b</mi>
          <mn>2</mn>
         </msup>
         
        </mrow>
       </msqrt>
       
      </mrow>
     </mtd>
    </mtr>
    <mtr columnalign='left'>
     <mtd columnalign='left'>
      <mrow></mrow>
     </mtd>
     <mtd columnalign='left'>
      <mtext>&#x2003;</mtext>
     </mtd>
    </mtr>
    <mtr columnalign='left'>
     <mtd columnalign='left'>
      <mrow>
       <mn>2.</mn>
      </mrow>
     </mtd>
     <mtd columnalign='left'>
      <mrow>
       <msup>
        <mi>a</mi>
        <mn>2</mn>
       </msup>
       <mo>+</mo><msup>
        <mrow>
         <mo stretchy='false'>(</mo><mi>b</mi><mo>+</mo><mi>s</mi><mo stretchy='false'>)</mo>
        </mrow>
        <mn>2</mn>
       </msup>
       <mo>&#x003C;</mo><msup>
        <mi>a</mi>
        <mn>2</mn>
       </msup>
       <mo>+</mo><msup>
        <mi>b</mi>
        <mn>2</mn>
       </msup>
       <mo>+</mo><msup>
        <mi>s</mi>
        <mn>2</mn>
       </msup>
       <mo>+</mo><mn>2</mn><mi>b</mi><msqrt>
        <mrow>
         <msup>
          <mi>a</mi>
          <mn>2</mn>
         </msup>
         <mo>+</mo><msup>
          <mi>s</mi>
          <mn>2</mn>
         </msup>
         
        </mrow>
       </msqrt>
       <mo>=</mo><msup>
        <mrow>
         <mo stretchy='true'>(</mo><msqrt>
          <mrow>
           <msup>
            <mi>a</mi>
            <mn>2</mn>
           </msup>
           <mo>+</mo><msup>
            <mi>s</mi>
            <mn>2</mn>
           </msup>
           
          </mrow>
         </msqrt>
         <mo>+</mo><mi>b</mi><mo stretchy='true'>)</mo>
        </mrow>
        <mn>2</mn>
       </msup>
       
      </mrow>
     </mtd>
    </mtr>
    <mtr columnalign='left'>
     <mtd columnalign='left'>
      <mrow>
       <mtext>&#x2003;</mtext><mtext>&#x2003;</mtext><mo>&#x21D2;</mo><mtext>&#x2003;</mtext>
      </mrow>
     </mtd>
     <mtd columnalign='left'>
      <mrow>
       <msqrt>
        <mrow>
         <msup>
          <mi>a</mi>
          <mn>2</mn>
         </msup>
         <mo>+</mo><msup>
          <mrow>
           <mo stretchy='false'>(</mo><mi>b</mi><mo>+</mo><mi>s</mi><mo stretchy='false'>)</mo>
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          <mn>2</mn>
         </msup>
         
        </mrow>
       </msqrt>
       <mo>&#x003C;</mo><msqrt>
        <mrow>
         <msup>
          <mi>a</mi>
          <mn>2</mn>
         </msup>
         <mo>+</mo><msup>
          <mi>s</mi>
          <mn>2</mn>
         </msup>
         
        </mrow>
       </msqrt>
       <mo>+</mo><mi>b</mi>
      </mrow>
     </mtd>
    </mtr>
    
   </mtable>
  </mrow>
 <annotation encoding='MathType-MTEF'>
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</math>
<p>Insgesamt hat man also:</p>
<div>
Die Länge des Signalwegs ist minimal<math xmlns='http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML' display='inline'>
 <mstyle displaystyle='true'><semantics>
  <mrow>
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    <mrow>
     <mi>a</mi><mo>&#x22C5;</mo><mi>s</mi>
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    <mrow>
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   </mfrac>
   
  </mrow>
 <annotation encoding='MathType-MTEF'>
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</semantics></mstyle>
</math>,
</div>
<p>so dass mit <a class="ref" href="#a7">[7]</a> schließlich die Behauptung <a class="ref" href="#2">[7.11.2]</a> bewiesen ist.</p>
</td></tr></table>

<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="border-collapse: collapse; margin-top: 50px; margin-bottom:30px" bordercolor="#111111" width="100%">
  <tr>
    <td><hr noshade="noshade" size="1"/></td>
    <td width="2%" align="right"><img style="margin-left:3pt" src="http://www.mathproject.de/cgi-std/count.pl?c=2;d=tiny"/></td>
  </tr>
</table>

<p>
<table border="0" width="100%" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0">
  <tr>
    <td width="33%" align="left"><a href="7_10.xml" title="Geometrische Eigenschaften differenzierbarer Funktionen">7.10. <img border="0" src="backl.gif" width="7" height="12"/></a></td>
    <td width="33%" align="center">
  <a href="differentialrechnung.htm#Teil11"><img width="16" height="16" border="0" src="back1.gif"/></a>
    </td>
    <td width="34%" align="right"><a href="7_12.xml" title="Folgen differenzierbarer Funktionen"><img border="0" src="backr.gif" width="7" height="12"/> 7.12.</a></td>
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