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  <meta name="description" content="online Kurs Mathematik"/>
  <meta name="author" content="Steffen"/>
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  <meta name="date" content="2003-08-20"/>
  <meta name="keywords" content="Binomialkoeffizienten, Pascalsches Dreieck, Fakultät, Binomialtheorem, Teilmenge, Potenzmenge"/>
  <title>mathproject >> Exkurs: Binomialkoeffizienten und Pascalsches Dreieck</title>
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&#160;+++++&nbsp;

<table class="main"><tr><td class="main">
</td></tr></table>

<p><u><b>Definition:</b></u> &#160;

<table><tr><td class="def">
 <div>
 
 </div></td><td class="num" width="80px">
<span class="num"><a name="1">[7.3.1]</a></span></td></tr></table>

<p class="beweis"><i>Beweis</i>: &#160;<br/>
</p>

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<div style="align:center"><div id="warning" style="display:none; width:90%; border:1px solid red; padding:10px; margin-top:20px"></div></div>
<h1><i>Exkurs: Binomialkoeffizienten und Pascalsches Dreieck</i></h1>
<hr noshade="noshade" size="1" style="margin-bottom:20px" />

<p>Für <math xmlns='http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML' display='inline'>
 <semantics>
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   <mi>n</mi><mo>,</mo><mi>i</mi><mo>&#x2208;</mo><mi>&#x2115;</mi><mo rspace='0.3em'>,</mo><mi>i</mi><mo>&#x2264;</mo><mi>n</mi>
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</semantics></math>&#160; ist der Binomialkoeffizient <math xmlns='http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML' display='inline'>
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    <mtr>
     <mtd>
      <mi>n</mi>
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    <mtr>
     <mtd>
      <mi>i</mi>
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    </mtr>
    
   </mtable><mrow><mo stretchy='true' lspace='-0.2em' rspace='0.2em'>)</mo><mpadded height='1.05em' width='0em'><mphantom><mi>T</mi></mphantom></mpadded></mrow>
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</semantics></math> mit Hilfe Fakultätsoperators ! erklärt:
<p>
<table><tr><td class="def">
 <div>
<math xmlns='http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML' display='inline'>
<mstyle displaystyle='true'>
 <semantics>
  <mrow>
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    <mtr>
     <mtd>
      <mi>n</mi>
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    </mtr>
    <mtr>
     <mtd>
      <mi>i</mi>
     </mtd>
    </mtr>
    
   </mtable><mrow><mo stretchy='true' lspace='-0.2em' rspace='0.2em'>)</mo><mpadded height='1.05em' width='0em'><mphantom><mi>T</mi></mphantom></mpadded></mrow><mo lspace='0.3em' rspace='0.3em' fontsize='13pt'>&#x2254;</mo><mfrac>
    <mrow>
     <mi>n</mi><mo>!</mo>
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    <mrow>
     <mi>i</mi><mo>!</mo><mo stretchy='false'>(</mo><mi>n</mi><mo>&#x2212;</mo><mi>i</mi><mo stretchy='false'>)</mo><mo>!</mo>
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   <mtext>,</mtext>
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 </div></td><td class="num" width="80px">
<span class="num"><a name="1">[5.0.1]</a></span></td></tr></table>
</p>
dabei ist <math xmlns='http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML' display='inline'>
 <semantics>
  <mrow>
   <mi>n</mi><mo>!</mo><mo lspace='0.3em' rspace='0.3em' fontsize='13pt'>&#x2254;</mo><mrow><mo>{</mo> <mrow>
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        <mn>1</mn><mo>&#x22C5;</mo><mn>2</mn><mo>&#x22C5;</mo><mo>&#x2026;</mo><mo>&#x22C5;</mo><mi>n</mi><mtext>,&#160; falls &#160;</mtext><mi>n</mi><mo>&#x003E;</mo><mn>0</mn>
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    </mtable>
   </mrow> </mrow>
  </mrow>
 <annotation encoding='MathType-MTEF'>
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</semantics></math>.&#160;</p><p>Für <math xmlns='http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML' display='inline'>
 <semantics>
  <mrow>
   <mi>n</mi><mo>&#x003E;</mo><mn>0</mn>
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 <annotation encoding='MathType-MTEF'>
 MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrVepeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamOBaiabg6da+iaaicdaaaa@389E@</annotation>
</semantics></math> ist also <i>n</i>! das fortlaufende Produkt der Zahlen <math xmlns='http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML' display='inline'>
 <semantics>
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</semantics></math>. Oft benutzt man die folgende Zerlegungseigenschaft: <math xmlns='http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML' display='inline'>
 <semantics>
  <mrow>
   <mo stretchy='false'>(</mo><mi>n</mi><mo>+</mo><mn>1</mn><mo stretchy='false'>)</mo><mo>!</mo><mo>=</mo><mi>n</mi><mo>!</mo><mo>&#x22C5;</mo><mo stretchy='false'>(</mo><mi>n</mi><mo>+</mo><mn>1</mn><mo stretchy='false'>)</mo>
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</semantics></math>.
</p>
<p>Wir lesen
<ul>
<li>
<p>
<math xmlns='http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML' display='inline'>
 <semantics>
  <mrow>
   <mrow><mo stretchy='true' lspace='0.2em' rspace='-0.2em'>(</mo><mpadded height='1.05em' width='0em'><mphantom><mi>T</mi></mphantom></mpadded></mrow><mtable>
    <mtr>
     <mtd>
      <mi>n</mi>
     </mtd>
    </mtr>
    <mtr>
     <mtd>
      <mi>i</mi>
     </mtd>
    </mtr>
    
   </mtable><mrow><mo stretchy='true' lspace='-0.2em' rspace='0.2em'>)</mo><mpadded height='1.05em' width='0em'><mphantom><mi>T</mi></mphantom></mpadded></mrow>
  </mrow>
 <annotation encoding='MathType-MTEF'>
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</semantics></math> als <span>"<i>n</i> über <i>i</i>"</span>.
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>
<i>n</i>! als "<i>n</i>-Fakultät".
</p><br/>&#160;
</li>
</ul>
</p>
<table class="main"><tr><td class="main">
<p><u><b>Beispiel:</b></u> &#160;
<ul type="square">
<li>
<math xmlns='http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML' display='inline'>
<mstyle displaystyle='true'>
 <semantics>
  <mrow>
   <mrow><mo stretchy='true' lspace='0.2em' rspace='-0.2em'>(</mo><mpadded height='1.05em' width='0em'><mphantom><mi>T</mi></mphantom></mpadded></mrow><mtable>
    <mtr>
     <mtd>
      <mn>5</mn>
     </mtd>
    </mtr>
    <mtr>
     <mtd>
      <mn>2</mn>
     </mtd>
    </mtr>
    
   </mtable><mrow><mo stretchy='true' lspace='-0.2em' rspace='0.2em'>)</mo><mpadded height='1.05em' width='0em'><mphantom><mi>T</mi></mphantom></mpadded></mrow><mo>=</mo><mfrac>
    <mrow>
     <mn>5</mn><mo>!</mo>
    </mrow>
    <mrow>
     <mn>2</mn><mo>!</mo><mo>&#x22C5;</mo><mn>3</mn><mo>!</mo>
    </mrow>
   </mfrac>
   <mo>=</mo><mfrac>
    <mrow>
     <mpadded width='0'><mo color='blue'>&#8213;</mo></mpadded><mspace width='0.3em'/><mn>1</mn><mo>&#x22C5;</mo><mpadded width='0'><mo color='blue'>&#8213;</mo></mpadded><mspace width='0.3em'/><mn>2</mn><mo>&#x22C5;</mo><mpadded width='0'><mo color='blue'>&#8213;</mo></mpadded><mspace width='0.3em'/><mn>3</mn><mo>&#x22C5;</mo><mn>4</mn><mo>&#x22C5;</mo><mn>5</mn>
    </mrow>
    <mrow>
     <mn>1</mn><mo>&#x22C5;</mo><mn>2</mn><mo>&#x22C5;</mo><mpadded width='0'><mo color='blue'>&#8213;</mo></mpadded><mspace width='0.3em'/><mn>1</mn><mo>&#x22C5;</mo><mpadded width='0'><mo color='blue'>&#8213;</mo></mpadded><mspace width='0.3em'/><mn>2</mn><mo>&#x22C5;</mo><mpadded width='0'><mo color='blue'>&#8213;</mo></mpadded><mspace width='0.3em'/><mn>3</mn>
    </mrow>
   </mfrac>
   <mo>=</mo><mfrac>
    <mrow>
     <mn>4</mn><mo>&#x22C5;</mo><mn>5</mn>
    </mrow>
    <mn>2</mn>
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   <mo>=</mo><mn>10</mn>
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</math>

</li>
</ul>
</p>
</td></tr></table>

<p>
Für den Beweis des allgemeinen Binomialtheorems benötigen wir die Eigenschaften 1. und 4. der folgenden Bemerkung.
</p>
<table class="main"><tr><td class="main">
<u><b>Bemerkung:</b></u> &#160;
<p>
<table><tr><td class="def">
 <p><span class="list" style="margin-left:9px; margin-right:10px">1.</span>
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    <mtr>
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    </mtr>
    
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    <mtr>
     <mtd>
      <mi>n</mi>
     </mtd>
    </mtr>
    <mtr>
     <mtd>
      <mi>n</mi>
     </mtd>
    </mtr>
    
   </mtable><mrow><mo stretchy='true' lspace='-0.2em' rspace='0.2em'>)</mo><mpadded height='1.05em' width='0em'><mphantom><mi>T</mi></mphantom></mpadded></mrow><mo lspace='0.3em' rspace='0.3em' >=</mo><mn>1</mn>
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</semantics></math>
</p></td><td class="num" width="80px">
<span class="num"><a name="2">[5.0.2]</a></span></td></tr></table>

<table><tr><td class="def">
 <p><span class="list" style="margin-left:9px; margin-right:10px">2.</span>
 <math xmlns='http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML' display='inline'>
 <semantics>
  <mrow>
   <mrow><mo stretchy='true' lspace='0.2em' rspace='-0.2em'>(</mo><mpadded height='1.05em' width='0em'><mphantom><mi>T</mi></mphantom></mpadded></mrow><mtable>
    <mtr>
     <mtd>
      <mi>n</mi>
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    <mtr>
     <mtd>
      <mn>1</mn>
     </mtd>
    </mtr>
    
   </mtable><mrow><mo stretchy='true' lspace='-0.2em' rspace='0.2em'>)</mo><mpadded height='1.05em' width='0em'><mphantom><mi>T</mi></mphantom></mpadded></mrow><mo>=</mo><mi>n</mi><mtext>&#160; &#160; für &#160;</mtext><mi>n</mi><mo>&#x003E;</mo><mn>0</mn>
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</semantics></math>

 </p>
</td><td class="num" width="80px">
<span class="num"><a name="3">[5.0.3]</a></span></td></tr></table>

<table><tr><td class="def">
 <p><span class="list" style="margin-left:9px; margin-right:10px">3.</span>
 <math xmlns='http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML' display='inline'>
 <semantics>
  <mrow>
   <mrow><mo stretchy='true' lspace='0.2em' rspace='-0.2em'>(</mo><mpadded height='1.05em' width='0em'><mphantom><mi>T</mi></mphantom></mpadded></mrow><mtable>
    <mtr>
     <mtd>
      <mi>n</mi>
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<span class="num"><a name="4">[5.0.4]</a></span></td></tr></table>
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</p></td><td class="num" width="80px">
<span class="num"><a name="5">[5.0.5]</a></span></td></tr></table>
</p>
 
<p class="beweis"><i>Beweis</i>: &#160;Wir rechnen jeweils die in der Definition angegebenen Quotienten aus.
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</td></tr></table><br/>&#160;

<p>Die Bedingung <math xmlns='http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML' display='inline'>
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Man errechnet also z.B. für
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</p>
<p>
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<p>
Schreibt man nun diese Ergebnisse zeilenweise untereinander und richtet die Zeilen dabei zentriert aus, entsteht das bekannte <i>Pascalsche Dreieck</i>, das hier bis zur Zeile <span><i>n</i>&#160;=&#160;4</span> notiert ist:
</p>

<!-- +++++++++ Pascaldreieck +++++++++ -->

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</center>

<!-- ######### Pascaldreieck ######### -->
<p>
Im Pascalschen Dreieck lassen sich die Aussagen 1. bis 4. direkt ablesen:
<ol>
<li>
Jede Zeile beginnt und endet mit 1.<br/>&#160;
</li>
<li>
Die zweite Zahl einer jeden Zeile ist die Zeilennummer.<br/>&#160;
</li>
<li>
Jede Zeile liest sich von links genauso wie von rechts.<br/>&#160;
</li>
<li>
Bei jeder neuen Zeile ergeben sich die Einträge, von den beiden Einsen abgesehen, durch Addition der beiden oberhalb stehenden Einträge der Vorzeile.
<br/>Das bedeutet: Jedes Pascalsche Dreieck kann mühelos, d.h. ohne die Fakultäten auszurechnen, durch eine weitere Zeile ergänzt werden. In unserem Fall etwa durch<br/>&#160;
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    <td width="11" align="center" height="11"></td>
    <td width="11" align="center" height="11"></td>
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    <td width="11" align="center" height="11"><font size="2">
    <img border="0" src="diag1.gif" width="10" height="10"/></font></td>
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    <img border="0" src="diag1.gif" width="10" height="10"/></font></td>
    <td width="11" align="center" height="11"></td>
    <td width="11" align="center" height="11"><font size="2">
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    <td width="11" align="center" height="11"><font size="2">
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    <td width="11" align="center" height="11"></td>
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    <td width="11" align="center" height="11"></td>
    <td width="11" align="center" height="11"></td>
    <td width="11" align="center" height="11"><font size="2">10</font></td>
    <td width="11" align="center" height="11"></td>
    <td width="11" align="center" height="11"></td>
    <td width="11" align="center" height="11"></td>
    <td width="11" align="center" height="11"><font size="2">10</font></td>
    <td width="11" align="center" height="11"></td>
    <td width="11" align="center" height="11"></td>
    <td width="11" align="center" height="11"></td>
    <td width="11" align="center" height="11"><font size="2">5</font></td>
    <td width="11" align="center" height="11"></td>
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</center><br/>&#160;
</li>
</ol>
</p>
<p>
Mit Kenntnis der Binomialkoeffizienten lassen sich nun nach dem allgemeinen Binomialtheorem konkrete binomische Formeln aufstellen, etwa für <span><i>n</i> = 3</span> und <span><i>n</i> = 4:</span><br/>&#160;
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<br/>&#160;<br/>
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     <mo stretchy='false'>(</mo><mi>a</mi><mo>+</mo><mi>b</mi><mo stretchy='false'>)</mo>
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    <mn>4</mn>
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   <mo>=</mo><msup>
    <mi>a</mi>
    <mn>4</mn>
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   <mo>+</mo><mn>4</mn><msup>
    <mi>a</mi>
    <mn>3</mn>
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   <mi>b</mi><mo>+</mo><mn>6</mn><msup>
    <mi>a</mi>
    <mn>2</mn>
   </msup>
   <msup>
    <mi>b</mi>
    <mn>2</mn>
   </msup>
   <mo>+</mo><mn>4</mn><mi>a</mi><msup>
    <mi>b</mi>
    <mn>3</mn>
   </msup>
   <mo>+</mo><msup>
    <mi>b</mi>
    <mn>4</mn>
   </msup>
   
  </mrow>
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</semantics></math>
<br/>&#160;
</div>
</p>
<p>Aus dem allgemeinen Binomialtheorem lassen sich aber noch weitere Eigenschaften der Binomialkoeffizienten ableiten. 
</p>
<table class="main"><tr><td class="main">
<u><b>Bemerkung:</b></u> &#160;
<table><tr><td class="def">
 <p><span class="list" style="margin-left:9px; margin-right:10px">1.</span>
<math xmlns='http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML' display='inline'>
<mstyle displaystyle='true'>
 <semantics>
  <mrow>
   <munderover>
    <mo stretchy='false'>&#x2211;</mo>
    <mrow>
     <mi>i</mi><mo>=</mo><mn>0</mn>
    </mrow>
    <mi>n</mi>
   </munderover>
   <mrow>
    <mrow><mo stretchy='true' lspace='0.2em' rspace='-0.2em'>(</mo><mpadded height='1.05em' width='0em'><mphantom><mi>T</mi></mphantom></mpadded></mrow><mtable>
     <mtr>
      <mtd>
       <mi>n</mi>
      </mtd>
     </mtr>
     <mtr>
      <mtd>
       <mi>i</mi>
      </mtd>
     </mtr>
     
    </mtable><mrow><mo stretchy='true' lspace='-0.2em' rspace='0.2em'>)</mo><mpadded height='1.05em' width='0em'><mphantom><mi>T</mi></mphantom></mpadded></mrow>
   </mrow>
   <mo>=</mo><msup>
    <mn>2</mn>
    <mi>n</mi>
   </msup>
   
  </mrow>
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</mstyle></math>
</p>
</td><td class="num" width="80px">
<span class="num"><a name="6">[5.0.6]</a></span></td></tr></table>
<table><tr><td class="def">
 <p><span class="list" style="margin-left:9px; margin-right:10px">2.</span>
<math xmlns='http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML' display='inline'>
<mstyle displaystyle='true'>
 <semantics>
  <mrow>
   <munderover>
    <mo stretchy='false'>&#x2211;</mo>
    <mrow>
     <mi>i</mi><mo>=</mo><mn>0</mn>
    </mrow>
    <mi>n</mi>
   </munderover>
   <mrow>
    <msup>
     <mrow>
      <mo stretchy='false'>(</mo><mo>&#x2212;</mo><mn>1</mn><mo stretchy='false'>)</mo>
     </mrow>
     <mi>i</mi>
    </msup>
    <mrow><mo stretchy='true' lspace='0.2em' rspace='-0.2em'>(</mo><mpadded height='1.05em' width='0em'><mphantom><mi>T</mi></mphantom></mpadded></mrow><mtable>
     <mtr>
      <mtd>
       <mi>n</mi>
      </mtd>
     </mtr>
     <mtr>
      <mtd>
       <mi>i</mi>
      </mtd>
     </mtr>
     
    </mtable><mrow><mo stretchy='true' lspace='-0.2em' rspace='0.2em'>)</mo><mpadded height='1.05em' width='0em'><mphantom><mi>T</mi></mphantom></mpadded></mrow>
   </mrow>
   <mo>=</mo><mn>0</mn><mtext>&#160; &#160; für &#160;</mtext><mi>n</mi><mo>&#x003E;</mo><mn>0</mn>
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</math>
</p>
</td><td class="num" width="80px">
<span class="num"><a name="7">[5.0.7]</a></span></td></tr></table>

<table><tr><td class="def">
<p><span class="list" style="margin-left:9px; margin-right:10px">3.</span>
<math xmlns='http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML' display='inline'>
 <mstyle displaystyle='true'><semantics>
  <mrow>
   <munderover>
    <mo stretchy='false'>&#x2211;</mo>
    <mrow>
     <mi>i</mi><mo>=</mo><mi>m</mi>
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    <mi>n</mi>
   </munderover>
   <mrow>
    <mrow><mo stretchy='true' lspace='0.2em' rspace='-0.2em'>(</mo><mpadded height='1.05em' width='0em'><mphantom><mi>T</mi></mphantom></mpadded></mrow><mtable>
     <mtr>
      <mtd>
       <mi>i</mi>
      </mtd>
     </mtr>
     <mtr>
      <mtd>
       <mi>m</mi>
      </mtd>
     </mtr>
     
    </mtable><mrow><mo stretchy='true' lspace='-0.2em' rspace='0.2em'>)</mo><mpadded height='1.05em' width='0em'><mphantom><mi>T</mi></mphantom></mpadded></mrow>
   </mrow>
   <mo>=</mo><mrow><mo stretchy='true' lspace='0.2em' rspace='-0.2em'>(</mo><mpadded height='1.05em' width='0em'><mphantom><mi>T</mi></mphantom></mpadded></mrow><mtable>
    <mtr>
     <mtd>
      <mrow>
       <mi>n</mi><mo>+</mo><mn>1</mn>
      </mrow>
     </mtd>
    </mtr>
    <mtr>
     <mtd>
      <mrow>
       <mi>m</mi><mo>+</mo><mn>1</mn>
      </mrow>
     </mtd>
    </mtr>
    
   </mtable><mrow><mo stretchy='true' lspace='-0.2em' rspace='0.2em'>)</mo><mpadded height='1.05em' width='0em'><mphantom><mi>T</mi></mphantom></mpadded></mrow><mtext>&#160; &#160; für &#160;</mtext><mi>m</mi><mo>&#x003C;</mo><mi>n</mi>
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</math>
</p>
</td><td class="num" width="80px">
<span class="num"><a name="8">[5.0.8]</a></span></td></tr></table>

<p class="beweis"><i>Beweis</i>: &#160;
<p>1. <font size="2">&#9658;</font> &#160;
<math xmlns='http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML' display='inline'>
<mstyle displaystyle='true'>
 <semantics>
  <mrow>
   <msup>
    <mn>2</mn>
    <mi>n</mi>
   </msup>
   <mo>=</mo><msup>
    <mrow>
     <mo stretchy='false'>(</mo><mn>1</mn><mo>+</mo><mn>1</mn><mo stretchy='false'>)</mo>
    </mrow>
    <mi>n</mi>
   </msup>
   <mo>=</mo><munderover>
    <mo stretchy='false'>&#x2211;</mo>
    <mrow>
     <mi>i</mi><mo>=</mo><mn>0</mn>
    </mrow>
    <mi>n</mi>
   </munderover>
   <mrow>
    <mrow><mo stretchy='true' lspace='0.2em' rspace='-0.2em'>(</mo><mpadded height='1.05em' width='0em'><mphantom><mi>T</mi></mphantom></mpadded></mrow><mtable>
     <mtr>
      <mtd>
       <mi>n</mi>
      </mtd>
     </mtr>
     <mtr>
      <mtd>
       <mi>i</mi>
      </mtd>
     </mtr>
     
    </mtable><mrow><mo stretchy='true' lspace='-0.2em' rspace='0.2em'>)</mo><mpadded height='1.05em' width='0em'><mphantom><mi>T</mi></mphantom></mpadded></mrow>
   </mrow>
   <msup>
    <mn>1</mn>
    <mrow>
     <mi>n</mi><mo>&#x2212;</mo><mi>i</mi>
    </mrow>
   </msup>
   <msup>
    <mn>1</mn>
    <mi>i</mi>
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   <mo>=</mo><munderover>
    <mo stretchy='false'>&#x2211;</mo>
    <mrow>
     <mi>i</mi><mo>=</mo><mn>0</mn>
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    <mi>n</mi>
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   <mrow>
    <mrow><mo stretchy='true' lspace='0.2em' rspace='-0.2em'>(</mo><mpadded height='1.05em' width='0em'><mphantom><mi>T</mi></mphantom></mpadded></mrow><mtable>
     <mtr>
      <mtd>
       <mi>n</mi>
      </mtd>
     </mtr>
     <mtr>
      <mtd>
       <mi>i</mi>
      </mtd>
     </mtr>
     
    </mtable><mrow><mo stretchy='true' lspace='-0.2em' rspace='0.2em'>)</mo><mpadded height='1.05em' width='0em'><mphantom><mi>T</mi></mphantom></mpadded></mrow>
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  </mrow>
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</mstyle>
</math>.

</p>
<p>2. <font size="2">&#9658;</font> &#160;
<math xmlns='http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML' display='inline'>
<mstyle displaystyle='true'>
 <semantics>
  <mrow>
   <mn>0</mn><mo>=</mo><msup>
    <mrow>
     <mo stretchy='false'>(</mo><mn>1</mn><mo>&#x2212;</mo><mn>1</mn><mo stretchy='false'>)</mo>
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    <mi>n</mi>
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   <mo>=</mo><munderover>
    <mo stretchy='false'>&#x2211;</mo>
    <mrow>
     <mi>i</mi><mo>=</mo><mn>0</mn>
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    <mi>n</mi>
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   <mrow>
    <mrow><mo stretchy='true' lspace='0.2em' rspace='-0.2em'>(</mo><mpadded height='1.05em' width='0em'><mphantom><mi>T</mi></mphantom></mpadded></mrow><mtable>
     <mtr>
      <mtd>
       <mi>n</mi>
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     <mtr>
      <mtd>
       <mi>i</mi>
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    </mtable><mrow><mo stretchy='true' lspace='-0.2em' rspace='0.2em'>)</mo><mpadded height='1.05em' width='0em'><mphantom><mi>T</mi></mphantom></mpadded></mrow>
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   <msup>
    <mn>1</mn>
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     <mi>n</mi><mo>&#x2212;</mo><mi>i</mi>
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   <msup>
    <mrow>
     <mo stretchy='false'>(</mo><mo>&#x2212;</mo><mn>1</mn><mo stretchy='false'>)</mo>
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    <mi>i</mi>
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   <mrow>
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    </mtable><mrow><mo stretchy='true' lspace='-0.2em' rspace='0.2em'>)</mo><mpadded height='1.05em' width='0em'><mphantom><mi>T</mi></mphantom></mpadded></mrow>
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</math>.
</p>
<p>3. <font size="2">&#9658;</font> &#160;</p>
<math xmlns='http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML' display='inline' style='margin-left:35; margin-top:-50'>
 <mstyle displaystyle='true'><semantics>
  <mrow>
   <mtable columnalign='left' columnspacing='0'>
    <mtr columnalign='left'>
     <mtd columnalign='left'>
      <mrow>
       <munderover>
        <mo stretchy='false'>&#x2211;</mo>
        <mrow>
         <mi>i</mi><mo>=</mo><mi>m</mi>
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        <mi>n</mi>
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       <mrow>
        <mrow><mo stretchy='true' lspace='0.2em' rspace='-0.2em'>(</mo><mpadded height='1.05em' width='0em'><mphantom><mi>T</mi></mphantom></mpadded></mrow><mtable>
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      </mrow>
     </mtd>
     <mtd columnalign='left'>
      <mrow>
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        <mtr>
         <mtd>
          <mi>m</mi>
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        <mtr>
         <mtd>
          <mi>m</mi>
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       </mtable><mrow><mo stretchy='true' lspace='-0.2em' rspace='0.2em'>)</mo><mpadded height='1.05em' width='0em'><mphantom><mi>T</mi></mphantom></mpadded></mrow><mo>+</mo><munderover>
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       <mrow>
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       </mrow>
       
      </mrow>
     </mtd>
    </mtr>
    <mtr columnalign='left'>
     <mtd columnalign='left'>
      <mrow></mrow>
     </mtd>
     <mtd columnalign='left'>
      <mrow>
       <munder>
        <mo>=</mo>
        <mrow>
        <maction xmlns:dsi="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" actiontype='link' dsi:href='#5'>
         <mrow><mstyle color='blue' mathvariant='monospace' mathsize='8pt'><mpadded height='2'><mo stretchy='false' rspace='0.1em'>[</mo><mn>5.0.5</mn><mo stretchy='false' lspace='0.1em'>]</mo></mpadded></mstyle></mrow>
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       <mrow><mo stretchy='true' lspace='0.2em' rspace='-0.2em'>(</mo><mpadded height='1.05em' width='0em'><mphantom><mi>T</mi></mphantom></mpadded></mrow><mtable>
        <mtr>
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          <mi>m</mi>
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        <mtr>
         <mtd>
          <mi>m</mi>
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       </mtable><mrow><mo stretchy='true' lspace='-0.2em' rspace='0.2em'>)</mo><mpadded height='1.05em' width='0em'><mphantom><mi>T</mi></mphantom></mpadded></mrow><mo>+</mo><munderover>
        <mo stretchy='false'>&#x2211;</mo>
        <mrow>
         <mi>i</mi><mo>=</mo><mi>m</mi><mo>+</mo><mn>1</mn>
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        <mi>n</mi>
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         <mtr>
          <mtd>
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            <mi>m</mi><mo>+</mo><mn>1</mn>
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     <mtd columnalign='left'>
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        <mtr>
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     <mtd columnalign='left'>
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</p>

</td></tr></table>

<p>
Auch diese Ergebnisse lassen sich als Eigenschaften des Pascalschen Dreiecks deuten:
</p>
<table>
<tr><td colspan="2">
<ol>
<li>
Jede Zeilensumme ist eine Zweierpotenz mit der Zeilennummer im Exponenten.<br/>&#160;
</li>
<li>
Jede alternierende Zeilensumme ist gleich Null.<br/>&#160;
</li>
</ol>
</td>
</tr><tr><td>
<ol start="3">
<li>
Das Ergebnis jeder Diagonalsumme findet man rechts unterhalb des letzten Summanden:
</li>
</ol>
</td><td>

<!-- +++++++++ Pascaldreieck +++++++++ -->

<center>
<table border="0" cellspacing="0" style="width:auto">
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    <td width="11" align="center" height="11"><font size="2">
    <img border="0" src="diagblue1.gif" width="10" height="10"/></font></td>
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    <img border="0" src="diagblue.gif" width="10" height="10"/></font></td>
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    <img border="0" src="diagred1.gif" width="10" height="10"/></font></td>
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    <td width="11" align="center" height="11" style="color:blue"><font size="2">1</font></td>
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    <td width="11" align="center" height="11" style="color:red"><font size="2">2</font></td>
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    <td width="11" align="center" height="11"></td>
    <td width="11" align="center" height="11"></td>
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    <td width="11" align="center" height="11"><font size="2">
    <img border="0" src="diagblue1.gif" width="10" height="10"/></font></td>
    <td width="11" align="center" height="11"></td>
    <td width="11" align="center" height="11"><font size="2">
    <img border="0" src="diagblue.gif" width="10" height="10"/></font></td>
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    <td width="11" align="center" height="11"><font size="2">
    <img border="0" src="diagred1.gif" width="10" height="10"/></font></td>
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    <td width="11" align="center" height="11"><font size="2">
    <img border="0" src="diagred.gif" width="10" height="10"/></font></td>
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    <td width="11" align="center" height="11"><font size="2">
    <img border="0" src="diaggreen1.gif" width="10" height="10"/></font></td>
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    <td width="11" align="center" height="11" style="color:red"><font size="2">3</font></td>
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    <td width="11" align="center" height="11"></td>
    <td width="11" align="center" height="11" style="color:#00C000"><font size="2">3</font></td>
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    <td width="11" align="center" height="11"></td>
    <td width="11" align="center" height="11"><font size="2">1</font></td>
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    <td width="11" align="center" height="11"></td>
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    <img border="0" src="diagblue.gif" width="10" height="10"/></font></td>
    <td width="11" align="center" height="11"></td>
    <td width="11" align="center" height="11"><!--<font size="2">
    <img border="0" src="diag1.gif" width="10" height="10"/></font>--></td>
    <td width="11" align="center" height="11"></td>
    <td width="11" align="center" height="11"><font size="2">
    <img border="0" src="diagred.gif" width="10" height="10"/></font></td>
    <td width="11" align="center" height="11"></td>
    <td width="11" align="center" height="11"><!--<font size="2">
    <img border="0" src="diag1.gif" width="10" height="10"/></font>--></td>
    <td width="11" align="center" height="11"></td>
    <td width="11" align="center" height="11"><font size="2">
    <img border="0" src="diaggreen.gif" width="10" height="10"/></font></td>
    <td width="11" align="center" height="11"></td>
    <td width="11" align="center" height="11"><!--<font size="2">
    <img border="0" src="diag1.gif" width="10" height="10"/></font>--></td>
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  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td width="11" align="center" height="11"><font size="2">1</font></td>
    <td width="11" align="center" height="11"></td>
    <td width="11" align="center" height="11"></td>
    <td width="11" align="center" height="11"></td>
    <td width="11" align="center" height="11"><font size="2">4</font></td>
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    <td width="11" align="center" height="11"></td>
    <td width="11" align="center" height="11"></td>
    <td width="11" align="center" height="11"><font size="2">6</font></td>
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    <td width="11" align="center" height="11"></td>
    <td width="11" align="center" height="11"></td>
    <td width="11" align="center" height="11"><font size="2">4</font></td>
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    <td width="11" align="center" height="11"></td>
    <td width="11" align="center" height="11"></td>
    <td width="11" align="center" height="11"><font size="2">1</font></td>
  </tr>
</table>
</center>

<!-- ######### Pascaldreieck ######### -->
</td></tr>
</table>

<p style="margin-top:40">
Eine wichtige Rolle spielen die Binomialkoeffizienten auch bei kombinatorischen Fragen. Entscheidend ist dabei die folgende Aussage.</p>
<p><table class="main"><tr><td class="main">

<u><b>Bemerkung:</b></u> &#160;
<p>
Jede Menge <i>M</i> mit <i>n</i> Elementen hat genau <math xmlns='http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML' display='inline'>
 <semantics>
  <mrow>
   <mrow><mo stretchy='true' lspace='0.2em' rspace='-0.2em'>(</mo><mpadded height='1.05em' width='0em'><mphantom><mi>T</mi></mphantom></mpadded></mrow><mtable>
    <mtr>
     <mtd>
      <mi>n</mi>
     </mtd>
    </mtr>
    <mtr>
     <mtd>
      <mi>i</mi>
     </mtd>
    </mtr>
    
   </mtable><mrow><mo stretchy='true' lspace='-0.2em' rspace='0.2em'>)</mo><mpadded height='1.05em' width='0em'><mphantom><mi>T</mi></mphantom></mpadded></mrow>
  </mrow>
 <annotation encoding='MathType-MTEF'>
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</semantics></math> viele <span><i>i</i>-elementige</span> Teilmengen:
</p>
<table><tr><td class="def">
 <div>
 <math xmlns='http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML' display='inline'>
 <semantics>
  <mrow>
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    <mtr>
     <mtd>
      <mi>n</mi>
     </mtd>
    </mtr>
    <mtr>
     <mtd>
      <mi>i</mi>
     </mtd>
    </mtr>
    
   </mtable><mrow><mo stretchy='true' lspace='-0.2em' rspace='0.2em'>)</mo><mpadded height='1.05em' width='0em'><mphantom><mi>T</mi></mphantom></mpadded></mrow>
  </mrow>
 <annotation encoding='MathType-MTEF'>
 MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrVepeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaaiiFaiaacUhacaWGobGaaiiFaiaad6eacqGHckcZcaWGnbGaey4jIKTaaiiFaiaad6eacaGG8bGaeyypa0JaamyAaiaac2hacaGG8bGaeyypa0JaaiikauaabeqaceaaaeaacaWGUbaabaGaamyAaaaacaGGPaaaaa@4A1F@</annotation>
</semantics></math>
 </div></td><td class="num" width="80px">
<span class="num"><a name="9">[5.0.9]</a></span></td></tr></table>

<p class="beweis"><i>Beweis</i>: &#160;Der Fall <span><i>i</i>&#160;=&#160;0</span> ist schnell erledigt: <i>M</i> besitzt nur eine Teilmenge mit 0 Elementen, nämlich die leere Menge, 
so dass die Behauptung aus <a class="ref" href="#2">[5.0.2]</a> folgt. Für <math xmlns='http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML' display='inline'>
 <semantics>
  <mrow>
   <mi>i</mi><mo>&#x003E;</mo><mn>0</mn>
  </mrow>
 <annotation encoding='MathType-MTEF'>
 MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrVepeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamyAaiabg6da+iaaicdaaaa@3899@</annotation>
</semantics></math> führen wir den Nachweis per Induktion:
<ul>
<li><p>
<math xmlns='http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML' display='inline'>
 <semantics>
  <mrow><mstyle color='blue'>
   <mn>0</mn><mo>&#x2208;</mo><mi>A</mi>
   </mstyle>
   <mo rspace='1em'>:</mo>
  </mrow>
 <annotation encoding='MathType-MTEF'>
 MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrVepeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaaGimaiabgIGiolaadgeacaGG6aaaaa@39AB@</annotation>
</semantics></math>Unter der Vorbedingung <math xmlns='http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML' display='inline'>
 <semantics>
  <mrow>
   <mi>i</mi><mo>&#x003E;</mo><mn>0</mn>
  </mrow>
 <annotation encoding='MathType-MTEF'>
 MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrVepeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamyAaiabg6da+iaaicdaaaa@3899@</annotation>
</semantics></math> ist hier nichts zu zeigen, denn die Voraussetzung <math xmlns='http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML' display='inline'>
 <semantics>
  <mrow>
   <mi>i</mi><mo>&#x2264;</mo><mi>n</mi>
  </mrow>
 <annotation encoding='MathType-MTEF'>
 MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrVepeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamyAaiabgsMiJkaad6gaaaa@397F@</annotation>
</semantics></math> ist jetzt nicht erfüllbar.
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p><math xmlns='http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML' display='inline'>
 <semantics>
  <mrow>
   <mstyle color='blue'><mi>n</mi><mo>&#x2208;</mo><mi>A</mi><mo lspace='0.5em' rspace='0.5em'>&#x21D2;</mo><mi>n</mi><mo>+</mo><mn>1</mn><mo>&#x2208;</mo><mi>A</mi></mstyle><mo rspace='1em'>:</mo>
  </mrow>
 <annotation encoding='MathType-MTEF'>
 MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrVepeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamOBaiabgIGiolaadgeacqGHshI3caWGUbGaey4kaSIaaGymaiabgIGiolaadgeacaGG6aaaaa@411B@</annotation>
</semantics></math>Sei jetzt <i>M</i> eine Menge mit <span><i>n</i>&#160;+&#160;1</span> vielen Elementen, etwa <math xmlns='http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML' display='inline'>
 <semantics>
  <mrow>
   <mi>M</mi><mo>=</mo><mo stretchy='false'>&#x007B;</mo><msub>
    <mi>a</mi>
    <mn>1</mn>
   </msub>
   <mo>,</mo><mo>&#x2026;</mo><mo>,</mo><msub>
    <mi>a</mi>
    <mi>n</mi>
   </msub>
   <mo>,</mo><msub>
    <mi>a</mi>
    <mrow>
     <mi>n</mi><mo>+</mo><mn>1</mn>
    </mrow>
   </msub>
   <mo stretchy='false'>&#x007D;</mo>
  </mrow>
 <annotation encoding='MathType-MTEF'>
 MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrVepeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamytaiabg2da9iaacUhacaWGHbWaaSbaaSqaaiaaigdaaeqaaOGaaiilaiablAciljaacYcacaWGHbWaaSbaaSqaaiaad6gaaeqaaOGaaiilaiaadggadaWgaaWcbaGaamOBaiabgUcaRiaaigdaaeqaaOGaaiyFaaaa@4485@</annotation>
</semantics></math>. Das System der <span><i>i</i>-elementigen</span> Teilmengen von <i>M</i> zerlegen wir in zwei disjunkte Gruppen:<br/>&#160;
<ul>
<li><p>
Diejenigen <i>N</i>, die <math xmlns='http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML' display='inline'>
 <semantics>
  <mrow>
   <msub>
    <mi>a</mi>
    <mrow>
     <mi>n</mi><mo>+</mo><mn>1</mn>
    </mrow>
   </msub>
   
  </mrow>
 <annotation encoding='MathType-MTEF'>
 MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrVepeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamyyamaaBaaaleaacaWGUbGaey4kaSIaaGymaaqabaaaaa@398B@</annotation>
</semantics></math> nicht enthalten. Das sind aber genau alle <span><i>i</i>-elementigen</span> Teilmengen der <span><i>n</i>-elementigen</span> Menge <math xmlns='http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML' display='inline'>
 <semantics>
  <mrow>
   <mo stretchy='false'>&#x007B;</mo><msub>
    <mi>a</mi>
    <mn>1</mn>
   </msub>
   <mo>,</mo><mo>&#x2026;</mo><msub>
    <mi>a</mi>
    <mi>n</mi>
   </msub>
   <mo stretchy='false'>&#x007D;</mo>
  </mrow>
 <annotation encoding='MathType-MTEF'>
 MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrVepeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaai4EaiaadggadaWgaaWcbaGaaGymaaqabaGccaGGSaGaeSOjGSKaamyyamaaBaaaleaacaWGUbaabeaakiaac2haaaa@3DA1@</annotation>
</semantics></math>. Nach Induktionsvoraussetzung sind dies <math xmlns='http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML' display='inline'>
 <semantics>
  <mrow>
   <mrow><mo stretchy='true' lspace='0.2em' rspace='-0.2em'>(</mo><mpadded height='1.05em' width='0em'><mphantom><mi>T</mi></mphantom></mpadded></mrow><mtable>
    <mtr>
     <mtd>
      <mi>n</mi>
     </mtd>
    </mtr>
    <mtr>
     <mtd>
      <mi>i</mi>
     </mtd>
    </mtr>
    
   </mtable><mrow><mo stretchy='true' lspace='-0.2em' rspace='0.2em'>)</mo><mpadded height='1.05em' width='0em'><mphantom><mi>T</mi></mphantom></mpadded></mrow>
  </mrow>
 <annotation encoding='MathType-MTEF'>
 MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrVepeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaaiikauaabeqaceaaaeaacaWGUbaabaGaamyAaaaacaGGPaaaaa@3930@</annotation>
</semantics></math> viele.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>
Diejenigen <i>N</i>, die <math xmlns='http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML' display='inline'>
 <semantics>
  <mrow>
   <msub>
    <mi>a</mi>
    <mrow>
     <mi>n</mi><mo>+</mo><mn>1</mn>
    </mrow>
   </msub>
   
  </mrow>
 <annotation encoding='MathType-MTEF'>
 MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrVepeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamyyamaaBaaaleaacaWGUbGaey4kaSIaaGymaaqabaaaaa@398B@</annotation>
</semantics></math> enthalten. Jedem solchen <i>N</i> ordnen wir nun die Menge <math xmlns='http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML' display='inline'>
 <semantics>
  <mrow>
   <mi>N</mi><mo>&#x005C;</mo><mo stretchy='false'>&#x007B;</mo><msub>
    <mi>a</mi>
    <mrow>
     <mi>n</mi><mo>+</mo><mn>1</mn>
    </mrow>
   </msub>
   <mo stretchy='false'>&#x007D;</mo>
  </mrow>
 <annotation encoding='MathType-MTEF'>
 MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrVepeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamOtaiaacYfacaGG7bGaamyyamaaBaaaleaacaWGUbGaey4kaSIaaGymaaqabaGccaGG9baaaa@3D48@</annotation>
</semantics></math> zu. Da dies eine bijektive Abbildung in das System der <span>(<i>i</i>&#160;&#x2212;&#160;1)-elementigen</span> Teilmengen von <math xmlns='http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML' display='inline'>
 <semantics>
  <mrow>
   <mo stretchy='false'>&#x007B;</mo><msub>
    <mi>a</mi>
    <mn>1</mn>
   </msub>
   <mo>,</mo><mo>&#x2026;</mo><msub>
    <mi>a</mi>
    <mi>n</mi>
   </msub>
   <mo stretchy='false'>&#x007D;</mo>
  </mrow>
 <annotation encoding='MathType-MTEF'>
 MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrVepeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaai4EaiaadggadaWgaaWcbaGaaGymaaqabaGccaGGSaGaeSOjGSKaamyyamaaBaaaleaacaWGUbaabeaakiaac2haaaa@3DA1@</annotation>
</semantics></math> ist, 
gibt es in dieser Gruppe genau <math xmlns='http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML' display='inline'>
 <semantics>
  <mrow>
   <mrow><mo stretchy='true' lspace='0.2em' rspace='-0.2em'>(</mo><mpadded height='1.05em' width='0em'><mphantom><mi>T</mi></mphantom></mpadded></mrow><mtable>
    <mtr>
     <mtd>
      <mi>n</mi>
     </mtd>
    </mtr>
    <mtr>
     <mtd>
      <mrow>
       <mi>i</mi><mo>&#x2212;</mo><mn>1</mn>
      </mrow>
     </mtd>
    </mtr>
    
   </mtable><mrow><mo stretchy='true' lspace='-0.2em' rspace='0.2em'>)</mo><mpadded height='1.05em' width='0em'><mphantom><mi>T</mi></mphantom></mpadded></mrow>
  </mrow>
 <annotation encoding='MathType-MTEF'>
 MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrVepeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaaiikauaabeqaceaaaeaacaWGUbaabaGaamyAaiabgkHiTiaaigdaaaGaaiykaaaa@3AD8@</annotation>
</semantics></math> viele Mengen.
</p>
</li>
</ul>
</p>
Insgesamt (siehe <a class="ref" href="#5">[5.0.5]</a>) besitzt <i>M</i> also <math xmlns='http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML' display='inline'>
 <semantics>
  <mrow>
   <mrow><mo stretchy='true' lspace='0.2em' rspace='-0.2em'>(</mo><mpadded height='1.05em' width='0em'><mphantom><mi>T</mi></mphantom></mpadded></mrow><mtable>
    <mtr>
     <mtd>
      <mi>n</mi>
     </mtd>
    </mtr>
    <mtr>
     <mtd>
      <mi>i</mi>
     </mtd>
    </mtr>
    
   </mtable><mrow><mo stretchy='true' lspace='-0.2em' rspace='0.2em'>)</mo><mpadded height='1.05em' width='0em'><mphantom><mi>T</mi></mphantom></mpadded></mrow><mo lspace='0.3em' rspace='0.3em' >+</mo><mrow><mo stretchy='true' lspace='0.2em' rspace='-0.2em'>(</mo><mpadded height='1.05em' width='0em'><mphantom><mi>T</mi></mphantom></mpadded></mrow><mtable>
    <mtr>
     <mtd>
      <mi>n</mi>
     </mtd>
    </mtr>
    <mtr>
     <mtd>
      <mrow>
       <mi>i</mi><mo>&#x2212;</mo><mn>1</mn>
      </mrow>
     </mtd>
    </mtr>
    
   </mtable><mrow><mo stretchy='true' lspace='-0.2em' rspace='0.2em'>)</mo><mpadded height='1.05em' width='0em'><mphantom><mi>T</mi></mphantom></mpadded></mrow><mo lspace='0.3em' rspace='0.3em' >=</mo><mrow><mo stretchy='true' lspace='0.2em' rspace='-0.2em'>(</mo><mpadded height='1.05em' width='0em'><mphantom><mi>T</mi></mphantom></mpadded></mrow><mtable>
    <mtr>
     <mtd>
      <mrow>
       <mi>n</mi><mo>+</mo><mn>1</mn>
      </mrow>
     </mtd>
    </mtr>
    <mtr>
     <mtd>
      <mi>i</mi>
     </mtd>
    </mtr>
    
   </mtable><mrow><mo stretchy='true' lspace='-0.2em' rspace='0.2em'>)</mo><mpadded height='1.05em' width='0em'><mphantom><mi>T</mi></mphantom></mpadded></mrow>
  </mrow>
 <annotation encoding='MathType-MTEF'>
 MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrVepeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaaiikauaabeqaceaaaeaacaWGUbaabaGaamyAaaaacaGGPaGaey4kaSIaaiikauaabeqaceaaaeaacaWGUbaabaGaamyAaiabgkHiTiaaigdaaaGaaiykaiabg2da9iaacIcafaqabeGabaaabaGaamOBaiabgUcaRiaaigdaaeaacaWGPbaaaiaacMcaaaa@44EB@</annotation>
</semantics></math> viele <span><i>i</i>-elementige</span> Teilmengen.
</li>
</ul>
</p>
</td></tr></table>
</p>

<p>Als Folgerung ergibt sich mit <a class="ref" href="#6">[5.0.6]</a> daraus eine Aussage über die Anzahl <i>aller</i> Teilmengen von <i>M</i>, also über die Mächtigkeit der Potenzmenge von <i>M</i>.
</p>
<p>
Jede <span><i>n</i>-elementige</span> Menge <i>M</i> hat genau <math xmlns='http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML' display='inline'>
<mstyle displaystyle='true'>
 <semantics>
  <mrow>
   <munderover>
    <mo stretchy='false'>&#x2211;</mo>
    <mrow>
     <mi>i</mi><mo>=</mo><mn>0</mn>
    </mrow>
    <mi>n</mi>
   </munderover>
   <mrow>
    <mrow><mo stretchy='true' lspace='0.2em' rspace='-0.2em'>(</mo><mpadded height='1.05em' width='0em'><mphantom><mi>T</mi></mphantom></mpadded></mrow><mtable>
     <mtr>
      <mtd>
       <mi>n</mi>
      </mtd>
     </mtr>
     <mtr>
      <mtd>
       <mi>i</mi>
      </mtd>
     </mtr>
     
    </mtable><mrow><mo stretchy='true' lspace='-0.2em' rspace='0.2em'>)</mo><mpadded height='1.05em' width='0em'><mphantom><mi>T</mi></mphantom></mpadded></mrow>
   </mrow>
   <mo>=</mo><msup>
    <mn>2</mn>
    <mi>n</mi>
   </msup>
   
  </mrow>
 <annotation encoding='MathType-MTEF'>
 MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrVepeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaWaaabCaeaacaGGOaqbaeqabiqaaaqaaiaad6gaaeaacaWGPbaaaiaacMcaaSqaaiaadMgacqGH9aqpcaaIWaaabaGaamOBaaqdcqGHris5aOGaeyypa0JaaGOmamaaCaaaleqabaGaamOBaaaaaaa@41FF@</annotation>
</semantics>
</mstyle></math> viele Teilmengen:
<p>
<table><tr><td class="def">
 <div>
 <math xmlns='http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML' display='inline'>
 <semantics>
  <mrow>
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<span class="num"><a name="10">[5.0.10]</a></span></td></tr></table></p>
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