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<p><u><b>Definition:</b></u> &#160;</p>

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 <div>

 </div></td><td class="num" width="80px">
<span class="num"><a name="1">[7.3.1]</a></span></td></tr></table>

<p class="beweis"><i>Beweis</i>: &#160;<br/>
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<h1>4.2. <i>Beispiele</i></h1>
<hr noshade="noshade" size="1" style="margin-bottom:20px" />

<p>In diesem Abschnitt stellen wir einige Standardfunktionen vor. Obwohl die meisten von Ihnen auch im Komplexen vorliegen, beschränken wir uns hier auf den reellen Fall und haben so die Möglichkeit, Skizzen anzufertigen, ein nicht zu unterschätzender Lernvorteil.</p>
<p>Die hier besprochenen Funktionen benutzen wir häufig, so dass es sich für sie lohnt, den allgemeinen Namen <i>f</i> durch einen individuellen zu ersetzen. Bei den in 4.3 zu betrachtenden trigonometrischen Funktionen etwa sind die Namen sin und cos gebräuchlich. Oft ist die Funktionsvorschrift einer Funktion so aussagekräftig, dass es sich anbietet, sie als Namen zu verwenden. Ist z.B. die Funktion</p>
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</math> durch <math xmlns='http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML' display='inline'>
 <mstyle displaystyle='true'><semantics>
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   <mi>f</mi><mo stretchy='false'>(</mo><mi>x</mi><mo stretchy='false'>)</mo><mo>=</mo><mi>x</mi>
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<p>so könnte man <i>x</i> als Namen für <i>f</i> verwenden. Diese Idee scheitert jedoch, da zwischen der Funktion <i>f</i> und einem ihrer Werte <math xmlns='http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML' display='inline'>
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</math> zu unterscheiden ist. Wir umgehen dieses kleine philosophische Problem durch einen schreibtechnischen Trick und ersetzen <i>x</i> durch X. Wir bezeichnen also im Folgenden die hier vorliegende Funktion <i>f</i> mit dem Symbol X. <i>f</i> trägt somit einen Namen, der ihre Arbeitsweise bereits sichtbar macht.</p>
<p>Die folgenden Beispiele verdeutlichen diese Technik der Namensgebung. Die jeweils aufrufbaren Graphen sind manipulierbar. Über die Einstellmöglichkeiten informiert diese <a href="anleitung.png" target="_blank">Skizze</a>.</p>
<a name="beispiel1"></a>
<table class="main"><tr><td class="main">
<p><u><b>Beispiel:</b></u> &#160;</p>

<table cellspacing="0" style="text-align:center; width:100%; cell-padding:0px; border-collapse:collapse; z-index:0; border-bottom:1px solid darkgray"><tr>

<td id="z1" onclick="sel(1,7)" style="background-image:url(pointero.gif); background-repeat:no-repeat; background-position: bottom center; width:90px; border:0px solid gray"><p id="c1" style="margin-top:5px; margin-bottom:5px;text-align:center; cursor:pointer; font-weight:bold">Lineare Funktionen</p></td>
<td id="z7" onclick="sel(7,7)" style="background-image:url(); background-repeat:no-repeat; background-position: bottom center; width:80px; border:0px solid gray"><p id="c7" style="margin-top:5px; margin-bottom:5px;text-align:center; cursor:pointer; color:gray">Potenz-<br/>funktionen</p></td>
<td id="z2" onclick="sel(2,7)" style="background-image:url(); background-repeat:no-repeat; background-position: bottom center; width:77px; border:0px solid gray"><p id="c2" style="margin-top:5px; margin-bottom:5px;text-align:center; cursor:pointer; color:gray">Kehrwert-<br/>funktion</p></td>
<td id="z3" onclick="sel(3,7)" style="background-image:url(); background-repeat:no-repeat; background-position: bottom center; width:72px; border:0px solid gray"><p id="c3" style="margin-top:5px; margin-bottom:5px;text-align:center; cursor:pointer; color:gray">Wurzel-<br/>funktion</p></td>
<td id="z4" onclick="sel(4,7)" style="background-image:url(); background-repeat:no-repeat; background-position: bottom center; width:77px; border:0px solid gray"><p id="c4" style="margin-top:5px; margin-bottom:5px;text-align:center; cursor:pointer; color:gray">Betrags-<br/>funktion</p></td>
<td id="z5" onclick="sel(5,7)" style="background-image:url(); background-repeat:no-repeat; background-position: bottom center; width:77px; border:0px solid gray"><p id="c5" style="margin-top:5px; margin-bottom:5px;text-align:center; cursor:pointer; color:gray">Heaviside-<br/>Funktion</p></td>
<td id="z6" onclick="sel(6,7)" style="background-image:url(); background-repeat:no-repeat; background-position: bottom center; width:72px; border:0px solid gray"><p id="c6" style="margin-top:5px; margin-bottom:5px;text-align:center; cursor:pointer; color:gray">ceiling<br/>floor<br/>round</p></td>
</tr></table>

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<li>
<p>Für <math xmlns='http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML' display='inline'>
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</math> heißt die Funktion <math xmlns='http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML' display='inline'>
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</math>&#160; <u>linear</u>, falls</p>
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</math>,
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<span class="num"><a name="1">[4.2.1]</a></span></td></tr></table>

<p>d.h. also falls <math xmlns='http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML' display='inline'>
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</math>.</p><p>Die Graphen der linearen Funktionen sind stets Geraden. Über ihre Lage im Koordinatensystem geben die Parameter <i>b</i> und <i>m</i> Auskunft:</p>
<ul>
<li><p>Da <math xmlns='http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML' display='inline'>
 <mstyle displaystyle='true'><semantics>
  <mrow>
   <mi>f</mi><mo stretchy='false'>(</mo><mn>0</mn><mo stretchy='false'>)</mo><mo>=</mo><mi>b</mi>
  </mrow>
 <annotation encoding='MathType-MTEF'>
 MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFepeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamOzaiaacIcacaaIWaGaaiykaiabg2da9iaadkgaaaa@3AD3@</annotation>
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</math>, also <math xmlns='http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML' display='inline'>
 <mstyle displaystyle='true'><semantics>
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   <mo stretchy='false'>(</mo><mn>0,</mn><mi>b</mi><mo stretchy='false'>)</mo><mo>&#x2208;</mo><mi>f</mi>
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 <annotation encoding='MathType-MTEF'>
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</math>, gibt <i>b</i> den Schnittpunkt mit der <span><i>y</i>-Achse</span> an.</p>
</li>
<li><p>Die <i>Steigungszahl m</i> ist ein Maß für die Steigung der Geraden in folgendem Sinn: Sind <math xmlns='http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML' display='inline'>
 <mstyle displaystyle='true'><semantics>
  <mrow>
   <mo stretchy='false'>(</mo><mi>x</mi><mo>,</mo><mi>f</mi><mo stretchy='false'>(</mo><mi>x</mi><mo stretchy='false'>)</mo><mo stretchy='false'>)</mo>
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 <annotation encoding='MathType-MTEF'>
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</math> und <math xmlns='http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML' display='inline'>
 <mstyle displaystyle='true'><semantics>
  <mrow>
   <mo stretchy='false'>(</mo><mi>y</mi><mo>,</mo><mi>f</mi><mo stretchy='false'>(</mo><mi>y</mi><mo stretchy='false'>)</mo><mo stretchy='false'>)</mo>
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 <annotation encoding='MathType-MTEF'>
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</math> zwei verschiedene Geradenpunkte, so ist <i>m</i> der (immer gleiche) Wert des Quotienten</p>
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<math xmlns='http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML' display='inline'>
 <mstyle displaystyle='true'><semantics>
  <mrow>
   <mfrac>
    <mrow>
     <mtext mathvariant='monospace' mathsize='10pt'>H&#x00F6;henzuwachs</mtext>
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    <mrow>
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  </mrow>
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</math>
,
</div>
<p>denn:&#160; <math xmlns='http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML' display='inline'>
 <mstyle displaystyle='true'><semantics>
  <mrow>
   <mfrac>
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     <mi>f</mi><mo stretchy='false'>(</mo><mi>y</mi><mo stretchy='false'>)</mo><mo>&#x2212;</mo><mi>f</mi><mo stretchy='false'>(</mo><mi>x</mi><mo stretchy='false'>)</mo>
    </mrow>
    <mrow>
     <mi>y</mi><mo>&#x2212;</mo><mi>x</mi>
    </mrow>
   </mfrac>
   <mo>=</mo><mfrac>
    <mrow>
     <mi>m</mi><mi>y</mi><mo>+</mo><mi>b</mi><mo>&#x2212;</mo><mi>m</mi><mi>x</mi><mo>&#x2212;</mo><mi>b</mi>
    </mrow>
    <mrow>
     <mi>y</mi><mo>&#x2212;</mo><mi>x</mi>
    </mrow>
   </mfrac>
   <mo>=</mo><mfrac>
    <mrow>
     <mi>m</mi><mo stretchy='false'>(</mo><mi>y</mi><mo>&#x2212;</mo><mi>x</mi><mo stretchy='false'>)</mo>
    </mrow>
    <mrow>
     <mi>y</mi><mo>&#x2212;</mo><mi>x</mi>
    </mrow>
   </mfrac>
   <mo>=</mo><mi>m</mi>
  </mrow>
 <annotation encoding='MathType-MTEF'>
 MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFepeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaWaaSaaaeaacaWGMbGaaiikaiaadMhacaGGPaGaeyOeI0IaamOzaiaacIcacaWG4bGaaiykaaqaaiaadMhacqGHsislcaWG4baaaiabg2da9maalaaabaGaamyBaiaadMhacqGHRaWkcaWGIbGaeyOeI0IaamyBaiaadIhacqGHsislcaWGIbaabaGaamyEaiabgkHiTiaadIhaaaGaeyypa0ZaaSaaaeaacaWGTbGaaiikaiaadMhacqGHsislcaWG4bGaaiykaaqaaiaadMhacqGHsislcaWG4baaaiabg2da9iaad2gaaaa@57E0@</annotation>
</semantics></mstyle>
</math>.</p>
<p>Ferner steuert das Vorzeichen von <i>m</i> die Richtung der Geraden: <i>f</i> ist <i>steigend</i>, falls <i>m</i> positiv und <i>fallend</i>, falls <i>m</i> negativ ist.<br/>Außerdem hat man offenbar: Zwei Geraden sind genau dann <i>parallel</i> wenn sie denselben Steigungsfaktor besitzen.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>Die Nullstellen von <i>f</i> sind die Lösungen der Gleichung <math xmlns='http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML' display='inline'>
 <mstyle displaystyle='true'><semantics>
  <mrow>
   <mi>m</mi><mi>x</mi><mo>+</mo><mi>b</mi><mo>=</mo><mn>0</mn>
  </mrow>
 <annotation encoding='MathType-MTEF'>
 MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBamXvP5wqonvsaeHbZLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamyBaiaadIhacqGHRaWkcaWGIbGaeyypa0JaaGimaaaa@3DF3@</annotation>
</semantics></mstyle>
</math>. Für <math xmlns='http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML' display='inline'>
 <mstyle displaystyle='true'><semantics>
  <mrow>
   <mi>a</mi><mo>&#x2260;</mo><mn>0</mn>
  </mrow>
 <annotation encoding='MathType-MTEF'>
 MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFepeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamyyaiabgcMi5kaaicdaaaa@394F@</annotation>
</semantics></mstyle>
</math> hat <i>f</i> daher genau eine Nullstelle, und zwar in <math xmlns='http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML' display='inline'>
 <mstyle displaystyle='true'>
 <semantics>
  <mrow>
   <mo>-</mo><mfrac>
    <mi>a</mi>
    <mi>m</mi>
   </mfrac>
   
  </mrow>
 <annotation encoding='MathType-MTEF'>
 MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBamXvP5wqonvsaeHbZLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaeyyla0YaaSaaaeaacaWGHbaabaGaamyBaaaaaaa@3B49@</annotation>
</semantics></mstyle>
</math>.</p>
</li>
</ul>
<p>Da eine Gerade bereits durch zwei Punkte festgelegt ist, lassen sich lineare Funktionen sehr leicht skizzieren. Das Markieren zweier Punkte gelingt mit den Parametern <i>b</i> und <i>m</i> sehr schnell. Wir zeigen dies, mit Hilfe des blauen Schiebers, am Beispiel der Funktion</p>
<div style="margin-bottom:20px">
<math xmlns='http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML' display='inline'>
 <mstyle displaystyle='true'><semantics>
  <mrow>
   <mfrac>
    <mn>3</mn>
    <mn>5</mn>
   </mfrac>
   <mi mathvariant='normal'>X</mi><mo>&#x2212;</mo><mn>2</mn>
  </mrow>
 <annotation encoding='MathType-MTEF'>
 MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFepeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaWaaSaaaeaacaaIZaaabaGaaGynaaaacaWGybGaeyOeI0IaaGOmaaaa@39FA@</annotation>
</semantics></mstyle>
</math>:
</div>
</li>
</ul>

<p style="margin-bottom:30px"><iframe name="I1" width="100%" height="235" scrolling="no" border="1" frameborder="0" src="insert5.htm">
Ihr Browser unterstützt Inlineframes nicht oder zeigt sie in der derzeitigen Konfiguration nicht an.
</iframe>
</p>
<p>Zwei Spezialfälle zeichnen wir durch einen eigenen Namen aus:</p>
<ul type="square">
<li>
<p>Für <math xmlns='http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML' display='inline'>
 <mstyle displaystyle='true'><semantics>
  <mrow>
   <mi>b</mi><mo>=</mo><mn>0</mn>
  </mrow>
 <annotation encoding='MathType-MTEF'>
 MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFepeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamOyaiabg2da9iaaicdaaaa@388F@</annotation>
</semantics></mstyle>
</math> und <math xmlns='http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML' display='inline'>
 <mstyle displaystyle='true'><semantics>
  <mrow>
   <mi>m</mi><mo>=</mo><mn>1</mn>
  </mrow>
 <annotation encoding='MathType-MTEF'>
 MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFepeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamyBaiabg2da9iaaigdaaaa@389B@</annotation>
</semantics></mstyle>
</math> erhalten wir die bereits im Eingangstext erwähnte Funktion <math xmlns='http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML' display='inline'>
 <mstyle displaystyle='true'><semantics>
  <mi mathvariant='normal'>X</mi>
 <annotation encoding='MathType-MTEF'>
 MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFepeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamiwaaaa@36C5@</annotation>
</semantics></mstyle>
</math>. Wir nennen sie die <u>Identität</u> (oder auch die <u>identische Funktion</u>) auf <math xmlns='http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML' display='inline'>
 <mstyle displaystyle='true'><semantics>
  <mi>&#x211D;</mi>
 <annotation encoding='MathType-MTEF'>
 MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFepeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaeSyhHekaaa@3758@</annotation>
</semantics></mstyle>
</math>. Man hat also (und das erläutert auch den Namen):</p>
<table style="margin-left:-40px"><tr><td class="def">
<div>
<math xmlns='http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML' display='inline'>
 <mstyle displaystyle='true'><semantics>
  <mrow>
   <mi mathvariant='normal'>X</mi><mo stretchy='false'>(</mo><mi>x</mi><mo stretchy='false'>)</mo><mo>=</mo><mi>x</mi><mtext>&#x2003;</mtext><mtext>f&#x00FC;r alle</mtext><mtext>&#x2009;&#x200A;&#x200A;</mtext><mi>x</mi><mo>&#x2208;</mo><mi>&#x211D;</mi>
  </mrow>
 <annotation encoding='MathType-MTEF'>
 MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFepeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamiwaiaacIcacaWG4bGaaiykaiabg2da9iaadIhacaaMf8UaaeOzaiaabYpacaqGYbGaaeiiaiaabggacaqGSbGaaeiBaiaabwgacaaMe8UaamiEaiabgIGiolabl2riHcaa@49D4@</annotation>
</semantics></mstyle>
</math>.
</div></td><td class="num" width="80px">
<span class="num"><a name="2">[4.2.2]</a></span></td></tr></table>
<p>Wir verwenden gelegentlich das Symbol <math xmlns='http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML' display='inline'>
 <mstyle displaystyle='true'><semantics>
  <mrow>
   <msub>
    <mi mathvariant='normal'>X</mi>
    <mi>&#x211D;</mi>
   </msub>
   
  </mrow>
 <annotation encoding='MathType-MTEF'>
 MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFepeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamiwamaaBaaaleaacqWIDesOaeqaaaaa@3861@</annotation>
</semantics></mstyle>
</math>, falls es nötig ist, die identische Funktion von anderen Identitäten zu unterscheiden.<br/>Ihr Graph ist die <i>erste Winkelhalbierende</i>, denn der Steigungszahl <math xmlns='http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML' display='inline'>
 <mstyle displaystyle='true'><semantics>
  <mrow>
   <mn>1</mn><mo>=</mo><mfrac>
    <mn>1</mn>
    <mn>1</mn>
   </mfrac>
   
  </mrow>
 <annotation encoding='MathType-MTEF'>
 MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFepeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaaGymaiabg2da9maalaaabaGaaGymaaqaaiaaigdaaaaaaa@392F@</annotation>
</semantics></mstyle>
</math> entspricht ein Winkel von 45° und mit <math xmlns='http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML' display='inline'>
 <mstyle displaystyle='true'><semantics>
  <mrow>
   <mi>b</mi><mo>=</mo><mn>0</mn>
  </mrow>
 <annotation encoding='MathType-MTEF'>
 MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFepeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamOyaiabg2da9iaaicdaaaa@388F@</annotation>
</semantics></mstyle>
</math> liegt zudem eine <i>Ursprungsgerade</i> vor.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>Ist <math xmlns='http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML' display='inline'>
 <mstyle displaystyle='true'><semantics>
  <mrow>
   <mi>m</mi><mo>=</mo><mn>0</mn>
  </mrow>
 <annotation encoding='MathType-MTEF'>
 MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFepeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamyBaiabg2da9iaaicdaaaa@389A@</annotation>
</semantics></mstyle>
</math>, so nennen wir die Funktion <i>b</i> (oder auch <math xmlns='http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML' display='inline'>
 <mstyle displaystyle='true'><semantics>
  <mrow>
   <msub>
    <mi>b</mi>
    <mi>&#x211D;</mi>
   </msub>
   
  </mrow>
 <annotation encoding='MathType-MTEF'>
 MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFepeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamOyamaaBaaaleaacqWIDesOaeqaaaaa@386B@</annotation>
</semantics></mstyle>
</math>) die <u>konstante Funktion</u> &#160;<i>b</i> auf <math xmlns='http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML' display='inline'>
 <mstyle displaystyle='true'><semantics>
  <mi>&#x211D;</mi>
 <annotation encoding='MathType-MTEF'>
 MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFepeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaeSyhHekaaa@3758@</annotation>
</semantics></mstyle>
</math>. Hier gilt:</p>
<table style="margin-left:-40px"><tr><td class="def">
<div>
<math xmlns='http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML' display='inline'>
 <mstyle displaystyle='true'><semantics>
  <mrow>
   <mi>b</mi><mo stretchy='false'>(</mo><mi>x</mi><mo stretchy='false'>)</mo><mo>=</mo><mi>b</mi><mtext>&#x2003;</mtext><mtext>f&#x00FC;r alle</mtext><mtext>&#x2009;&#x200A;&#x200A;</mtext><mi>x</mi><mo>&#x2208;</mo><mi>&#x211D;</mi>
  </mrow>
 <annotation encoding='MathType-MTEF'>
 MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFepeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamOyaiaacIcacaWG4bGaaiykaiabg2da9iaadkgacaaMf8UaaeOzaiaabYpacaqGYbGaaeiiaiaabggacaqGSbGaaeiBaiaabwgacaaMe8UaamiEaiabgIGiolabl2riHcaa@49C8@</annotation>
</semantics></mstyle>
</math>.
</div></td><td class="num" width="80px">
<span class="num"><a name="3">[4.2.3]</a></span></td></tr></table>
<p>Da <math xmlns='http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML' display='inline'>
 <mstyle displaystyle='true'><semantics>
  <mrow>
   <mi>m</mi><mo>=</mo><mn>0</mn>
  </mrow>
 <annotation encoding='MathType-MTEF'>
 MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFepeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamyBaiabg2da9iaaicdaaaa@389A@</annotation>
</semantics></mstyle>
</math>, ist der Graph von <i>b</i> eine Waagerechte, die die <span><i>y</i>-Achse</span> in <i>b</i> schneidet.</p>
</li>
</ul>

<p>Im folgenden Applet stellen wir lineare Funktionen graphisch dar. Wir beginnen mit der Identität X:</p>
<div>
<span class="inf" style="white-space:normal" onmouseover="if(active1==0){position('tip1','tab1',event.clientX,event.clientY-200); document.getElementById('tip1').className='tooltip_v'; if(!b)document.getElementById('tip1').className='tooltip_v_noopac'};active1=1">
<img class="inf" style="margin-left:3px; margin-right:3px" src="../info.gif" width="10" height="10"/></span>

<span id="tip1" class="tooltip_h" style="white-space:normal">
<table id="tab1" border="0" style="width:600px; " ><tr><td colspan="2" onmousedown="x0=event.clientX;y0=event.clientY;fix('tip1')" onmouseup="drag=0" style="border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-color:blue; font-family:monospace"><p style="cursor: move; color:blue; margin-top:-5px; margin-bottom:0px; size:12pt; font-weight:bold">&#160;i</p><span style="float: right; margin-top:-15px"><img title="opacity on/off" style="margin-right:10px" onclick="opac_change();" src="../opacity-off.gif" width="10" height="10"/><img onclick="active1=0;document.getElementById('tip1').className='tooltip_h'" src="../close.gif" width="10" height="10"/></span></td></tr>
<tr><td>
<p style="margin-top:20px; margin-bottom:0px"><math xmlns='http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML' display='inline' id='eq1'>
 <mstyle displaystyle='true' mathcolor='blue'><semantics>
  <mrow>
   <mo id='10'>&#x200B;</mo><mn id='11'>&#x200B;</mn><mi id='12' mathvariant='normal'>X</mi><mo id='13'>&#x200B;</mo><mn id='14'>&#x200B;</mn>
  <mphantom><mi mathvariant='normal'>X</mi></mphantom>
  </mrow>
 <annotation encoding='MathType-MTEF'>
 MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFepeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaeyOeI0IaaGOmaiaadIfacqGHRaWkcaaI3aaaaa@3A11@</annotation>
</semantics></mstyle>
</math>
</p>
</td>
<td width="28%">
<p style="margin-top:10px; color:'#404040'; font-size:11px; font-family:monospace; margin-bottom:0px">Nullstelle:<br/><span id="e1">0</span></p>
</td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2">
<p style="white-space:normal; margin-top:0px"><applet name="Graph1" id="Graph1" code="Graph.class" width="600px" height="350px" mayscript="true">
	    <param name="func" value="Identische Funktion"/>
	    <param name="xL" value="400"/>
	    <param name="yL" value="350"/>
	    <param name="la" value="de"/>
	    It looks like you don't have Java installed, please go to www.java.com</applet></p>
</td></tr></table>
</span><br/>&#160;
</div>
</span>

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<!--######################################-->
<span id="d7" style="white-space:normal; display:none">
<ul type="square">
<li>
<p>Zunächst betrachten wir die <u>Quadratfunktion</u>&#160; <math xmlns='http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML' display='inline'>
 <mstyle displaystyle='true'><semantics>
  <mrow>
   <msup>
    <mi mathvariant='normal'>X</mi>
    <mn>2</mn>
   </msup>
   <mo>:</mo><mi>&#x211D;</mi><mo>&#x2192;</mo><mi>&#x211D;</mi>
  </mrow>
 <annotation encoding='MathType-MTEF'>
 MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFepeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamiwamaaCaaaleqabaGaaGOmaaaakiaacQdacqWIDesOcqGHsgIRcqWIDesOaaa@3D43@</annotation>
</semantics></mstyle>
</math> gegeben durch</p>
<table style="margin-left:-40px"><tr><td class="def">
<div>
<math xmlns='http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML' display='inline'>
 <mstyle displaystyle='true'><semantics>
  <mrow>
   <msup>
    <mi mathvariant='normal'>X</mi>
    <mn>2</mn>
   </msup>
   <mo stretchy='false'>(</mo><mi>x</mi><mo stretchy='false'>)</mo><mo lspace='0.2em' rspace='0.2em' fontsize='13pt'>&#x2254;</mo><msup>
    <mi>x</mi>
    <mn>2</mn>
   </msup>
   
  </mrow>
 <annotation encoding='MathType-MTEF'>
 MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFepeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamiwamaaCaaaleqabaGaaGOmaaaakiaacIcacaWG4bGaaiykaiabg2da9iaadIhadaahaaWcbeqaaiaaikdaaaaaaa@3CFA@</annotation>
</semantics></mstyle>
</math>.
</div></td><td class="num" width="80px">
<span class="num"><a name="4">[4.2.4]</a></span></td></tr></table>
<p>Ihr Graph ist die nach oben geöffnete <i>Normalparabel</i>. Da <math xmlns='http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML' display='inline'>
 <mstyle displaystyle='true'><semantics>
  <mrow>
   <msup>
    <mi mathvariant='normal'>X</mi>
    <mn>2</mn>
   </msup>
   <mo stretchy='false'>(</mo><mn>0</mn><mo stretchy='false'>)</mo><mo>=</mo><mn>0</mn>
  </mrow>
 <annotation encoding='MathType-MTEF'>
 MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFepeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamiwamaaCaaaleqabaGaaGOmaaaakiaacIcacaaIWaGaaiykaiabg2da9iaaicdaaaa@3B8B@</annotation>
</semantics></mstyle>
</math>, geht sie durch den Koordinatenursprung <math xmlns='http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML' display='inline'>
 <mstyle displaystyle='true'><semantics>
  <mrow>
   <mo stretchy='false'>(</mo><mn>0,0</mn><mo stretchy='false'>)</mo>
  </mrow>
 <annotation encoding='MathType-MTEF'>
 MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFepeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaaiikaiaaicdacaGGSaGaaGimaiaacMcaaaa@3965@</annotation>
</semantics></mstyle>
</math>. Wegen <math xmlns='http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML' display='inline'>
 <mstyle displaystyle='true'><semantics>
  <mrow>
   <msup>
    <mi mathvariant='normal'>X</mi>
    <mn>2</mn>
   </msup>
   <mo stretchy='false'>(</mo><mn>0</mn><mo stretchy='false'>)</mo><mo>=</mo><mn>0</mn><mo>&#x2264;</mo><msup>
    <mi>x</mi>
    <mn>2</mn>
   </msup>
   <mo>=</mo><msup>
    <mi mathvariant='normal'>X</mi>
    <mn>2</mn>
   </msup>
   <mo stretchy='false'>(</mo><mi>x</mi><mo stretchy='false'>)</mo>
  </mrow>
 <annotation encoding='MathType-MTEF'>
 MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFepeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamiwamaaCaaaleqabaGaaGOmaaaakiaacIcacaaIWaGaaiykaiabg2da9iaaicdacqGHKjYOcaWG4bWaaWbaaSqabeaacaaIYaaaaOGaeyypa0JaamiwamaaCaaaleqabaGaaGOmaaaakiaacIcacaWG4bGaaiykaaaa@445C@</annotation>
</semantics></mstyle>
</math> ist dies sogar der tiefste Punkt der Parabel und die durch ihn gehende <span><i>y</i>-Achse</span> ist ihre Symmetrieachse:</p>
<div>
<math xmlns='http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML' display='inline'>
 <mstyle displaystyle='true'><semantics>
  <mrow>
   <msup>
    <mi mathvariant='normal'>X</mi>
    <mn>2</mn>
   </msup>
   <mo stretchy='false'>(</mo><mo>&#x2212;</mo><mi>x</mi><mo stretchy='false'>)</mo><mo>=</mo><msup>
    <mrow>
     <mo stretchy='false'>(</mo><mo>&#x2212;</mo><mi>x</mi><mo stretchy='false'>)</mo>
    </mrow>
    <mn>2</mn>
   </msup>
   <mo>=</mo><msup>
    <mi>x</mi>
    <mn>2</mn>
   </msup>
   <mo>=</mo><msup>
    <mi mathvariant='normal'>X</mi>
    <mn>2</mn>
   </msup>
   <mo stretchy='false'>(</mo><mi>x</mi><mo stretchy='false'>)</mo>
  </mrow>
 <annotation encoding='MathType-MTEF'>
 MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFepeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamiwamaaCaaaleqabaGaaGOmaaaakiaacIcacqGHsislcaWG4bGaaiykaiabg2da9iaacIcacqGHsislcaWG4bGaaiykamaaCaaaleqabaGaaGOmaaaakiabg2da9iaadIhadaahaaWcbeqaaiaaikdaaaGccqGH9aqpcaWGybWaaWbaaSqabeaacaaIYaaaaOGaaiikaiaadIhacaGGPaaaaa@4859@</annotation>
</semantics></mstyle>
</math>.
</div>
<p>Wir nennen <math xmlns='http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML' display='inline'>
 <mstyle displaystyle='true'><semantics>
  <mrow>
   <mo stretchy='false'>(</mo><mn>0,0</mn><mo stretchy='false'>)</mo>
  </mrow>
 <annotation encoding='MathType-MTEF'>
 MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFepeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaaiikaiaaicdacaGGSaGaaGimaiaacMcaaaa@3965@</annotation>
</semantics></mstyle>
</math> den <i>Scheitelpunkt</i>, oder kurz den <i>Scheitel</i> von <math xmlns='http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML' display='inline'>
 <mstyle displaystyle='true'><semantics>
  <mrow>
   <msup>
    <mi mathvariant='normal'>X</mi>
    <mn>2</mn>
   </msup>
   
  </mrow>
 <annotation encoding='MathType-MTEF'>
 MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFepeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamiwamaaCaaaleqabaGaaGOmaaaaaaa@37AE@</annotation>
</semantics></mstyle>
</math>.</p>
<p>Mit der Identität X haben wir die Gruppe der linearen Funktionen erzeugt. Analog gewinnen wir aus der Quadratfunktion die allgemeinen <i>quadratischen Funktionen</i>, also Funktionen des Typs</p>
<table style="margin-left:-40px"><tr><td class="def">
<div>
<math xmlns='http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML' display='inline'>
 <mstyle displaystyle='true'><semantics>
  <mrow>
   <mi>f</mi><mo>=</mo><mi>a</mi><msup>
    <mi mathvariant='normal'>X</mi>
    <mn>2</mn>
   </msup>
   <mo>+</mo><mi>b</mi><mi mathvariant='normal'>X</mi><mo>+</mo><mi>c</mi>
  </mrow>
 <annotation encoding='MathType-MTEF'>
 MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFepeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamOzaiabg2da9iaadggacaWGybWaaWbaaSqabeaacaaIYaaaaOGaey4kaSIaamOyaiaadIfacqGHRaWkcaWGJbaaaa@3EFF@</annotation>
</semantics></mstyle>
</math>.
</div></td><td class="num" width="80px">
<span class="num"><a name="5">[4.2.5]</a></span></td></tr></table>
<p>O. E. sei dabei <math xmlns='http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML' display='inline'>
 <mstyle displaystyle='true'><semantics>
  <mrow>
   <mi>a</mi><mo>&#x2260;</mo><mn>0</mn>
  </mrow>
 <annotation encoding='MathType-MTEF'>
 MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFepeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamyyaiabgcMi5kaaicdaaaa@394F@</annotation>
</semantics></mstyle>
</math>, denn sonst wäre <i>f</i> linear. Die Bedeutung der Parameter erschließt sich hier nicht sofort. Zwar hat man <math xmlns='http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML' display='inline'>
 <mstyle displaystyle='true'><semantics>
  <mrow>
   <mi>f</mi><mo stretchy='false'>(</mo><mn>0</mn><mo stretchy='false'>)</mo><mo>=</mo><mi>c</mi>
  </mrow>
 <annotation encoding='MathType-MTEF'>
 MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFepeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamOzaiaacIcacaaIWaGaaiykaiabg2da9iaadogaaaa@3AD4@</annotation>
</semantics></mstyle>
</math>, d.h. die Funktion schneidet die <span><i>y</i>-Achse</span> bei <i>c</i>, um aber <i>a</i> und <i>b</i> besser einordnen zu können, werden wir zunächst den Funktionsterm mit Hilfe der quadratischen Ergänzung umformen:</p>
<div>
<math xmlns='http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML' display='inline'>
 <mstyle displaystyle='true'><semantics>
  <mrow>
   <mtable columnalign='left'>
    <mtr columnalign='left'>
     <mtd columnalign='right'>
      <mrow>
       <mi>f</mi><mo stretchy='false'>(</mo><mi>x</mi><mo stretchy='false'>)</mo>
      </mrow>
     </mtd>
     <mtd columnalign='left'>
      <mrow>
       <mo>=</mo><mtext>&#x2009;</mtext><mi>a</mi><mo stretchy='false'>(</mo><msup>
        <mi>x</mi>
        <mn>2</mn>
       </msup>
       <mo>+</mo><mfrac>
        <mi>b</mi>
        <mi>a</mi>
       </mfrac>
       <mi>x</mi><mo stretchy='false'>)</mo><mo>+</mo><mi>c</mi>
      </mrow>
     </mtd>
    </mtr>
    <mtr columnalign='left'>
     <mtd columnalign='left'>
      <mrow></mrow>
     </mtd>
     <mtd columnalign='left'>
      <mrow>
       <mo>=</mo><mtext>&#x2009;</mtext><mi>a</mi><mo stretchy='false'>(</mo><msup>
        <mi>x</mi>
        <mn>2</mn>
       </msup>
       <mo>+</mo><mfrac>
        <mi>b</mi>
        <mi>a</mi>
       </mfrac>
       <mi>x</mi><mo>+</mo><mfrac>
        <mrow>
         <msup>
          <mi>b</mi>
          <mn>2</mn>
         </msup>
         
        </mrow>
        <mrow>
         <mn>4</mn><msup>
          <mi>a</mi>
          <mn>2</mn>
         </msup>
         
        </mrow>
       </mfrac>
       <mo>&#x2212;</mo><mfrac>
        <mrow>
         <msup>
          <mi>b</mi>
          <mn>2</mn>
         </msup>
         
        </mrow>
        <mrow>
         <mn>4</mn><msup>
          <mi>a</mi>
          <mn>2</mn>
         </msup>
         
        </mrow>
       </mfrac>
       <mo stretchy='false'>)</mo><mo>+</mo><mi>c</mi>
      </mrow>
     </mtd>
    </mtr>
    <mtr columnalign='left'>
     <mtd columnalign='left'>
      <mrow></mrow>
     </mtd>
     <mtd columnalign='left'>
      <mrow>
       <mo>=</mo><mtext>&#x2009;</mtext><mi>a</mi>
         <mo stretchy='false'>(</mo><mi>x</mi><mo>+</mo><mfrac>
          <mi>b</mi>
          <mrow>
           <mn>2</mn><mi>a</mi>
          </mrow>
         </mfrac>
         <msup>
         <mo stretchy='false'>)</mo>        
        <mn>2</mn>
       </msup>
       <mo>+</mo><mi>c</mi><mo>&#x2212;</mo><mfrac>
        <mrow>
         <msup>
          <mi>b</mi>
          <mn>2</mn>
         </msup>
         
        </mrow>
        <mrow>
         <mn>4</mn><mi>a</mi>
        </mrow>
       </mfrac>
       
      </mrow>
     </mtd>
    </mtr>
    
   </mtable>
  </mrow>
 <annotation encoding='MathType-MTEF'>
 MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFepeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=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@6D18@</annotation>
</semantics></mstyle>
</math>
</div>
<p>Mit den Abkürzungen <math xmlns='http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML' display='inline'>
 <mstyle displaystyle='true'><semantics>
  <mrow>
   <mi>u</mi><mo>=</mo><mo>&#x2212;</mo><mfrac>
    <mi>b</mi>
    <mrow>
     <mn>2</mn><mi>a</mi>
    </mrow>
   </mfrac>
   
  </mrow>
 <annotation encoding='MathType-MTEF'>
 MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFepeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamyDaiabg2da9iabgkHiTmaalaaabaGaamOyaaqaaiaaikdacaWGHbaaaaaa@3B6E@</annotation>
</semantics></mstyle>
</math> und <math xmlns='http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML' display='inline'>
 <mstyle displaystyle='true'><semantics>
  <mrow>
   <mi>v</mi><mo>=</mo><mi>c</mi><mo>&#x2212;</mo><mfrac>
    <mrow>
     <msup>
      <mi>b</mi>
      <mn>2</mn>
     </msup>
     
    </mrow>
    <mrow>
     <mn>4</mn><mi>a</mi>
    </mrow>
   </mfrac>
   
  </mrow>
 <annotation encoding='MathType-MTEF'>
 MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFepeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamODaiabg2da9iaadogacqGHsisldaWcaaqaaiaadkgadaahaaWcbeqaaiaaikdaaaaakeaacaaI0aGaamyyaaaaaaa@3D4C@</annotation>
</semantics></mstyle>
</math> ist also:</p>
<div>
<math xmlns='http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML' display='inline'>
 <mstyle displaystyle='true'><semantics>
  <mrow>
   <mi>f</mi><mo>=</mo><mi>a</mi><msup>
    <mrow>
     <mo stretchy='false'>(</mo><mi mathvariant='normal'>X</mi><mo>&#x2212;</mo><mi>u</mi><mo stretchy='false'>)</mo>
    </mrow>
    <mn>2</mn>
   </msup>
   <mo>+</mo><mi>v</mi>
  </mrow>
 <annotation encoding='MathType-MTEF'>
 MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFepeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamOzaiabg2da9iaadggacaGGOaGaamiwaiabgkHiTiaadwhacaGGPaWaaWbaaSqabeaacaaIYaaaaOGaey4kaSIaamODaaaa@3FAC@</annotation>
</semantics></mstyle>
</math>.
</div>
<p>Diese Darstellung nennen wir die <i>Scheitelpunktform</i> von <i>f</i> und <math xmlns='http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML' display='inline'>
 <mstyle displaystyle='true'><semantics>
  <mrow>
   <mo stretchy='false'>(</mo><mi>u</mi><mo>,</mo><mi>v</mi><mo stretchy='false'>)</mo>
  </mrow>
 <annotation encoding='MathType-MTEF'>
 MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFepeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaaiikaiaadwhacaGGSaGaamODaiaacMcaaaa@39E6@</annotation>
</semantics></mstyle>
</math> den <i>Scheitel</i> von <i>f</i>. Wir haben denn auch:</p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><math xmlns='http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML' display='inline'>
 <mstyle displaystyle='true'><semantics>
  <mrow>
   <mo stretchy='false'>(</mo><mi>u</mi><mo>,</mo><mi>v</mi><mo stretchy='false'>)</mo>
  </mrow>
 <annotation encoding='MathType-MTEF'>
 MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFepeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaaiikaiaadwhacaGGSaGaamODaiaacMcaaaa@39E6@</annotation>
</semantics></mstyle>
</math> gehört zu <i>f</i>, denn &#160;<math xmlns='http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML' display='inline'>
 <mstyle displaystyle='true'><semantics>
  <mrow>
   <mi>f</mi><mo stretchy='false'>(</mo><mi>u</mi><mo stretchy='false'>)</mo><mo>=</mo><mi>a</mi><mo>&#x22C5;</mo><msup>
    <mn>0</mn>
    <mn>2</mn>
   </msup>
   <mo>+</mo><mi>v</mi><mo>=</mo><mi>v</mi>
  </mrow>
 <annotation encoding='MathType-MTEF'>
 MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFepeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamOzaiaacIcacaWG1bGaaiykaiabg2da9iaadggacqGHflY1caaIWaWaaWbaaSqabeaacaaIYaaaaOGaey4kaSIaamODaiabg2da9iaadAhaaaa@42E7@</annotation>
</semantics></mstyle>
</math>.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p><math xmlns='http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML' display='inline'>
 <mstyle displaystyle='true'><semantics>
  <mrow>
   <mo stretchy='false'>(</mo><mi>u</mi><mo>,</mo><mi>v</mi><mo stretchy='false'>)</mo>
  </mrow>
 <annotation encoding='MathType-MTEF'>
 MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFepeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaaiikaiaadwhacaGGSaGaamODaiaacMcaaaa@39E6@</annotation>
</semantics></mstyle>
</math> ist tiefster/höchster Punkt von <i>f</i>, denn&#160; <math xmlns='http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML' display='inline'>
 <mstyle displaystyle='true'><semantics>
  <mrow>
   <mi>f</mi><mo stretchy='false'>(</mo><mi>x</mi><mo stretchy='false'>)</mo><mo>&#x2212;</mo><mi>f</mi><mo stretchy='false'>(</mo><mi>u</mi><mo stretchy='false'>)</mo><mo>=</mo><mi>a</mi><msup>
    <mrow>
     <mo stretchy='false'>(</mo><mi>x</mi><mo>&#x2212;</mo><mi>u</mi><mo stretchy='false'>)</mo>
    </mrow>
    <mn>2</mn>
   </msup>
   
  </mrow>
 <annotation encoding='MathType-MTEF'>
 MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFepeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamOzaiaacIcacaWG4bGaaiykaiabgkHiTiaadAgacaGGOaGaamyDaiaacMcacqGH9aqpcaWGHbGaaiikaiaadIhacqGHsislcaWG1bGaaiykamaaCaaaleqabaGaaGOmaaaaaaa@4466@</annotation>
</semantics></mstyle>
</math> ist stets positiv, falls <math xmlns='http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML' display='inline'>
 <mstyle displaystyle='true'><semantics>
  <mrow>
   <mi>a</mi><mo>&#x003E;</mo><mn>0</mn>
  </mrow>
 <annotation encoding='MathType-MTEF'>
 MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFepeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamyyaiabg6da+iaaicdaaaa@3890@</annotation>
</semantics></mstyle>
</math> und stets negativ, falls <math xmlns='http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML' display='inline'>
 <mstyle displaystyle='true'><semantics>
  <mrow>
   <mi>a</mi><mo>&#x003C;</mo><mn>0</mn>
  </mrow>
 <annotation encoding='MathType-MTEF'>
 MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFepeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamyyaiabgYda8iaaicdaaaa@388C@</annotation>
</semantics></mstyle>
</math>.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>Die durch <i>u</i> gehende Senkrechte ist Symmetrieachse von <i>f</i>:</p>
<div>
<math xmlns='http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML' display='inline'>
 <mstyle displaystyle='true'><semantics>
  <mrow>
   <mi>f</mi><mo stretchy='false'>(</mo><mi>u</mi><mo>&#x2212;</mo><mi>x</mi><mo stretchy='false'>)</mo><mo>=</mo><mi>a</mi><msup>
    <mrow>
     <mo stretchy='false'>(</mo><mo>&#x2212;</mo><mi>x</mi><mo stretchy='false'>)</mo>
    </mrow>
    <mn>2</mn>
   </msup>
   <mo>+</mo><mi>v</mi><mo>=</mo><mi>a</mi><msup>
    <mi>x</mi>
    <mn>2</mn>
   </msup>
   <mo>+</mo><mi>v</mi><mo>=</mo><mi>f</mi><mo stretchy='false'>(</mo><mi>u</mi><mo>+</mo><mi>x</mi><mo stretchy='false'>)</mo>
  </mrow>
 <annotation encoding='MathType-MTEF'>
 MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFepeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamOzaiaacIcacaWG1bGaeyOeI0IaamiEaiaacMcacqGH9aqpcaWGHbGaaiikaiabgkHiTiaadIhacaGGPaWaaWbaaSqabeaacaaIYaaaaOGaey4kaSIaamODaiabg2da9iaadggacaWG4bWaaWbaaSqabeaacaaIYaaaaOGaey4kaSIaamODaiabg2da9iaadAgacaGGOaGaamyDaiabgUcaRiaadIhacaGGPaaaaa@4EEB@</annotation>
</semantics></mstyle>
</math>.
</div>
</li>
</ul>
<p>Der Graph einer beliebigen quadratischen Funktion ist also wieder eine Parabel. <i>b</i> bestimmt dabei (in Kombination mit <i>a</i>) den <span><i>x</i>-Wert</span> des Scheitels und, bis auf den Summanden <i>c</i>, auch seinen <span><i>y</i>-Wert</span>.</p>
<p><i>a</i> gibt über sein Vorzeichen die Öffnungsrichtung der Parabel an. <i>a</i> selbst ist der konstante Wert</p>
<div>
<math xmlns='http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML' display='inline'>
 <mstyle displaystyle='true'><semantics>
  <mrow>
   <mfrac>
    <mrow>
     <mtext mathvariant='monospace' mathsize='10pt'>H&#x00F6;henzuwachs vom Scheitel</mtext>
    </mrow>
    <mrow>
     <msup>
      <mrow>
       <mo stretchy='false'>(</mo><mtext mathvariant='monospace' mathsize='10pt'>L&#x00E4;ngenzuwachs vom Scheitel</mtext><mo stretchy='false'>)</mo>
      </mrow>
      <mn>2</mn>
     </msup>
     
    </mrow>
   </mfrac>
   
  </mrow>
 <annotation encoding='MathType-MTEF'>
 MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFepeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaWaaSaaaeaacaqGibGaaeO9aiaabIgacaqGLbGaaeOBaiaabQhacaqG1bGaae4DaiaabggacaqGJbGaaeiAaiaabohacaqGGaGaaeODaiaab+gacaqGTbGaaeiiaiaabofacaqGJbGaaeiAaiaabwgacaqGPbGaaeiDaiaabwgacaqGSbaabaGaaiikaiaabYeacaqGKdGaaeOBaiaabEgacaqGLbGaaeOBaiaabQhacaqG1bGaae4DaiaabggacaqGJbGaaeiAaiaabohacaqGGaGaaeODaiaab+gacaqGTbGaaeiiaiaabofacaqGJbGaaeiAaiaabwgacaqGPbGaaeiDaiaabwgacaqGSbGaaiykamaaCaaaleqabaGaaGOmaaaaaaaaaa@6734@</annotation>
</semantics></mstyle>
</math>
</div>
<p>denn für <math xmlns='http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML' display='inline'>
 <mstyle displaystyle='true'><semantics>
  <mrow>
   <mi>x</mi><mo>&#x2260;</mo><mi>u</mi>
  </mrow>
 <annotation encoding='MathType-MTEF'>
 MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFepeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamiEaiabgcMi5kaadwhaaaa@39A6@</annotation>
</semantics></mstyle>
</math> hat man: &#160;<math xmlns='http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML' display='inline'>
 <mstyle displaystyle='true'><semantics>
  <mrow>
   <mfrac>
    <mrow>
     <mi>f</mi><mo stretchy='false'>(</mo><mi>x</mi><mo stretchy='false'>)</mo><mo>&#x2212;</mo><mi>f</mi><mo stretchy='false'>(</mo><mi>u</mi><mo stretchy='false'>)</mo>
    </mrow>
    <mrow>
     <msup>
      <mrow>
       <mo stretchy='false'>(</mo><mi>x</mi><mo>&#x2212;</mo><mi>u</mi><mo stretchy='false'>)</mo>
      </mrow>
      <mn>2</mn>
     </msup>
     
    </mrow>
   </mfrac>
   <mo>=</mo><mfrac>
    <mrow>
     <mi>a</mi><msup>
      <mrow>
       <mo stretchy='false'>(</mo><mi>x</mi><mo>&#x2212;</mo><mi>u</mi><mo stretchy='false'>)</mo>
      </mrow>
      <mn>2</mn>
     </msup>
     
    </mrow>
    <mrow>
     <msup>
      <mrow>
       <mo stretchy='false'>(</mo><mi>x</mi><mo>&#x2212;</mo><mi>u</mi><mo stretchy='false'>)</mo>
      </mrow>
      <mn>2</mn>
     </msup>
     
    </mrow>
   </mfrac>
   <mo>=</mo><mi>a</mi>
  </mrow>
 <annotation encoding='MathType-MTEF'>
 MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFepeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaWaaSaaaeaacaWGMbGaaiikaiaadIhacaGGPaGaeyOeI0IaamOzaiaacIcacaWG1bGaaiykaaqaaiaacIcacaWG4bGaeyOeI0IaamyDaiaacMcadaahaaWcbeqaaiaaikdaaaaaaOGaeyypa0ZaaSaaaeaacaWGHbGaaiikaiaadIhacqGHsislcaWG1bGaaiykamaaCaaaleqabaGaaGOmaaaaaOqaaiaacIcacaWG4bGaeyOeI0IaamyDaiaacMcadaahaaWcbeqaaiaaikdaaaaaaOGaeyypa0Jaamyyaaaa@50DC@</annotation>
</semantics></mstyle>
</math>, also: &#160;<math xmlns='http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML' display='inline'>
 <mstyle displaystyle='true'><semantics>
  <mrow>
   <mi>f</mi><mo stretchy='false'>(</mo><mi>x</mi><mo stretchy='false'>)</mo><mo>=</mo><mi>f</mi><mo stretchy='false'>(</mo><mi>u</mi><mo stretchy='false'>)</mo><mo>+</mo><mi>a</mi><msup>
    <mrow>
     <mo stretchy='false'>(</mo><mi>x</mi><mo>&#x2212;</mo><mi>u</mi><mo stretchy='false'>)</mo>
    </mrow>
    <mn>2</mn>
   </msup>
   
  </mrow>
 <annotation encoding='MathType-MTEF'>
 MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFepeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamOzaiaacIcacaWG4bGaaiykaiabg2da9iaadAgacaGGOaGaamyDaiaacMcacqGHRaWkcaWGHbGaaiikaiaadIhacqGHsislcaWG1bGaaiykamaaCaaaleqabaGaaGOmaaaaaaa@445B@</annotation>
</semantics></mstyle>
</math>. Das aber bedeutet: Entfernt man sich in der Waagerechten um <i>k</i> Einheiten vom Scheitel, so trifft man nach <math xmlns='http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML' display='inline'>
 <mstyle displaystyle='true'><semantics>
  <mrow>
   <mi>a</mi><msup>
    <mi>k</mi>
    <mn>2</mn>
   </msup>
   
  </mrow>
 <annotation encoding='MathType-MTEF'>
 MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFepeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamyyaiaadUgadaahaaWcbeqaaiaaikdaaaaaaa@38A7@</annotation>
</semantics></mstyle>
</math> Einheiten in der Senkrechten wieder auf den Graphen.</p>
<p>Die folgenden Skizzen berechnen sowohl die Scheitelpunktform wie auch die Nullstellen von <i>f</i>, also die Lösungen der quadratischen Gleichung <math xmlns='http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML' display='inline'>
 <mstyle displaystyle='true'>>
 <semantics>
  <mrow>
   <mi>a</mi><msup>
    <mi>x</mi>
    <mn>2</mn>
   </msup>
   <mo>+</mo><mi>b</mi><mi>x</mi><mo>+</mo><mi>c</mi><mo>=</mo><mn>0</mn>
  </mrow>
 <annotation encoding='MathType-MTEF'>
 MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBamXvP5wqonvsaeHbZLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamyyaiaadIhadaahaaWcbeqaaiaaikdaaaGccqGHRaWkcaWGIbGaamiEaiabgUcaRiaadogacqGH9aqpcaaIWaaaaa@41A1@</annotation>
</semantics></mstyle>
</math>.</p>
<div>
<span class="inf" style="white-space:normal" onmouseover="if(active2==0){position('tip2','tab2',event.clientX,event.clientY); document.getElementById('tip2').className='tooltip_v'; if(!b)document.getElementById('tip2').className='tooltip_v_noopac'};active2=1">
<img class="inf" style="margin-left:3px; margin-right:3px" src="../info.gif" width="10" height="10"/></span>
</div><br/>&#160;
<span id="tip2" class="tooltip_h" style="white-space:normal">
<table id="tab2" border="0" style="width:600px; padding:0px"><tr><td colspan="2" onmousedown="x0=event.clientX;y0=event.clientY;fix('tip2')" onmouseup="drag=0" style="border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-color:blue; font-family:monospace"><p style="cursor: move; color:blue; margin-top:-5px; margin-bottom:0px; size:12pt; font-weight:bold">&#160;i</p><span style="float: right; margin-top:-15px"><img title="opacity on/off" style="margin-right:10px" onclick="opac_change();" src="../opacity-off.gif" width="10" height="10"/><img onclick="active2=0;document.getElementById('tip2').className='tooltip_h'" src="../close.gif" width="10" height="10"/></span></td></tr>
<tr><td valign="bottom" style="padding-bottom:0px;padding-top:0px">
<p style="margin-bottom:10px"><math xmlns='http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML' display='inline' id='eq2'>
<mstyle displaystyle='true' mathcolor='blue'>
 <semantics>
  <mrow>
   <mo id='20' rspace='0.1em'>-</mo><mn id='21'>2</mn><msup>
    <mi mathvariant='normal' id='22'>X</mi>
    <mn id='23'>2</mn>
   </msup>
   <mo id='24'>+</mo><mn id='25'>3</mn><mi mathvariant='normal' id='26'>X</mi><mo id='27'>+</mo><mn id='28'>5</mn><mo id='29'>=</mo><mo id='210' rspace='0.1em'>+</mo><mn id='211'>2</mn>
     <mo stretchy='false' id='212'>(</mo><mi mathvariant='normal' id='213'>X</mi><mo id='214'>-</mo><mn id='215'>4</mn><msup><mo stretchy='false' id='216'>)</mo>
    <mn id='217'>2</mn>
   </msup>
   <mo id='218'>+</mo><mn id='219'>1</mn>
   <mphantom width='0em'>
  <msup>
    <mo>)</mo>
    <mn>2</mn>
   </msup>
  </mphantom>
  </mrow>
 <annotation encoding='MathType-MTEF'>
 MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBamXvP5wqonvsaeHbZLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaeyyla0IaaGOmaiaadIfadaahaaWcbeqaaiaaikdaaaGccqGHRaWkcaaIZaGaamiwaiabgUcaRiaaiwdacqGH9aqpcqGHRaWkcaaIYaGaaiikaiaadIfacqGHTaqlcaaI0aGaaiykamaaCaaaleqabaGaaGOmaaaakiabgUcaRiaaigdaaaa@4918@</annotation>
</semantics></mstyle>
</math>
</p>
</td>
<td width="28%" valign="bottom">
<p style="color:'#404040'; font-size:11px; font-family:monospace; margin-bottom:10px">Nullstellen:<br/><span id="e2">0</span></p>
</td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2">
<p style="white-space:normal; margin-top:0px"><applet name="Graph2" id="Graph2" code="Graph.class" width="600px" height="350px">
	    <param name="func" value="Quadratfunktion"/>
	    <param name="xL" value="400"/>
	    <param name="yL" value="350"/>
	    <param name="la" value="de"/>
	    It looks like you don't have Java installed, please go to www.java.com</applet></p>
</td></tr></table>
</span>
</li>
<li>
<p>Man wird dieses Spiel fortsetzen: Die <u>Kubikfunktion</u>&#160; <math xmlns='http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML' display='inline'>
 <mstyle displaystyle='true'><semantics>
  <mrow>
   <msup>
    <mi mathvariant='normal'>X</mi>
    <mn>3</mn>
   </msup>
   <mo>:</mo><mi>&#x211D;</mi><mo>&#x2192;</mo><mi>&#x211D;</mi><mo>,</mo><mtext>&#x2009;&#x200A;&#x200A;</mtext><mi>x</mi><mo>&#x21A6;</mo><msup>
    <mi>x</mi>
    <mn>3</mn>
   </msup>
   
  </mrow>
 <annotation encoding='MathType-MTEF'>
 MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFepeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamiwamaaCaaaleqabaGaaG4maaaakiaacQdacqWIDesOcqGHsgIRcqWIDesOcaGGSaGaaGjbVlaadIhacqWIMgsycaWG4bWaaWbaaSqabeaacaaIZaaaaaaa@441E@</annotation>
</semantics></mstyle>
</math> etwa erzeugt die allgemeinen <i>kubischen Funktionen</i>&#160; <math xmlns='http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML' display='inline'>
 <mstyle displaystyle='true'><semantics>
  <mrow>
   <mi>a</mi><msup>
    <mi mathvariant='normal'>X</mi>
    <mn>3</mn>
   </msup>
   <mo>+</mo><mi>b</mi><msup>
    <mi mathvariant='normal'>X</mi>
    <mn>2</mn>
   </msup>
   <mo>+</mo><mi>c</mi><mi mathvariant='normal'>X</mi><mo>+</mo><mi>d</mi>
  </mrow>
 <annotation encoding='MathType-MTEF'>
 MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFepeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamyyaiaadIfadaahaaWcbeqaaiaaiodaaaGccqGHRaWkcaWGIbGaamiwamaaCaaaleqabaGaaGOmaaaakiabgUcaRiaadogacaWGybGaey4kaSIaamizaaaa@40AA@</annotation>
</semantics></mstyle>
</math>, usw. Wir widmen diesem Prinzip ein eigenes Kapitel (4.5) und begnügen uns hier mit einigen Skizzen kubischer Funktionen, den sog. <i>kubischen Parabeln</i>,</p>
<div>
<span class="inf" style="white-space:normal" onmouseover="if(active3==0){position('tip3','tab3',event.clientX,event.clientY); document.getElementById('tip3').className='tooltip_v'; if(!b)document.getElementById('tip3').className='tooltip_v_noopac'};active3=1">
<img class="inf" style="margin-left:3px; margin-right:3px" src="../info.gif" width="10" height="10"/></span>
</div><br/>&#160;
<span id="tip3" class="tooltip_h" style="white-space:normal">
<table id="tab3" border="0" style="width:600px; padding:0px" ><tr><td colspan="2" onmousedown="x0=event.clientX;y0=event.clientY;fix('tip3')" onmouseup="drag=0" style="border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-color:blue; font-family:monospace"><p style="cursor: move; color:blue; margin-top:-5px; margin-bottom:0px; size:12pt; font-weight:bold">&#160;i</p><span style="float: right; margin-top:-15px"><img title="opacity on/off" style="margin-right:10px" onclick="opac_change();" src="../opacity-off.gif" width="10" height="10"/><img onclick="active3=0;document.getElementById('tip3').className='tooltip_h'" src="../close.gif" width="10" height="10"/></span></td></tr>
<tr><td valign="bottom" style="padding-bottom:0px;padding-top:0px">
<p style="margin-bottom:10px"><math xmlns='http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML' display='inline' id="eq3">
 <mstyle displaystyle='true' mathcolor='blue'><semantics>
  <mrow>
   <mo id="30">&#x200B;</mo><mn id="31">&#x200B;</mn><msup>
    <mi mathvariant='normal' id="32">X</mi>
    <mn id="33">3</mn>
   </msup>
   <mo id="34">&#x200B;</mo><mn id="35">&#x200B;</mn><msup>
    <mi mathvariant='normal' id="36">&#x200B;</mi>
    <mn id="37">&#x200B;</mn>
   </msup>
   <mo id="38">&#x200B;</mo><mn id="39">&#x200B;</mn><mi mathvariant='normal' id="310">&#x200B;</mi><mo id="311">&#x200B;</mo><mn id="312">&#x200B;</mn>
  </mrow>
  <mphantom width='0em'>
  <msup>
    <mi mathvariant='normal'>X</mi>
    <mn>2</mn>
   </msup>
  </mphantom>
 <annotation encoding='MathType-MTEF'>
 MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFepeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaeyOeI0IaaG4maiaadIfadaahaaWcbeqaaiaaiodaaaGccqGHRaWkcaaIYaGaamiwamaaCaaaleqabaGaaGOmaaaakiabgUcaRiaaigdacaWGybGaey4kaSIaaGynaaaa@40EC@</annotation>
</semantics></mstyle>
</math>
</p>
</td>
<td width="30%" valign="bottom">
<p style="color:'#404040'; font-size:11px; font-family:monospace; margin-bottom:10px">Nullstellen:<br/><span id="e3">0</span></p>
</td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2">
<p style="white-space:normal; margin-top:0px"><applet name="Graph3" id="Graph3" code="Graph.class" width="600px" height="350px">
	    <param name="func" value="Kubikfunktion"/>
	    <param name="xL" value="400"/>
	    <param name="yL" value="350"/>
	    <param name="la" value="de"/>
	    It looks like you don't have Java installed, please go to www.java.com</applet></p>
</td></tr></table>
</span>
</li>
<li>
<p>und wenden uns den eigentlichen Erzeugerfunktionen zu: Für <math xmlns='http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML' display='inline'>
 <mstyle displaystyle='true'>
 <semantics>
  <mrow>
   <mi>n</mi><mo>&#x2208;</mo><mi>&#x2115;</mi>
  </mrow>
  <annotation encoding='MathType-MTEF'>MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaagCart1ev2aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXafv3ySLgzGmvETj2BSbqefm0B1jxALjhiov2DaebbnrfifHhDYfgasaacH8srps0lbbf9q8WrFfeuY=Hhbbf9v8qqaqFr0xc9pk0xbba9q8WqFfea0=yr0RYxir=Jbba9q8aq0=yq=He9q8qqQ8frFve9Fve9Ff0dmeaabaqaciGacaGaaeqabaWaaeaaeaaakeaacaWGUbGaeyicI4SaeSyfHukaaa@3C4D@</annotation>
 </semantics></mstyle>
</math> heißt die Funktion <math xmlns='http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML' display='inline'>
 <mstyle displaystyle='true'><semantics>
  <mrow>
   <msup>
    <mi mathvariant='normal'>X</mi>
    <mi>n</mi>
   </msup>
   <mo>:</mo><mi>&#x211D;</mi><mo>&#x2192;</mo><mi>&#x211D;</mi>
  </mrow>
 <annotation encoding='MathType-MTEF'>
 MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFepeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamiwamaaCaaaleqabaGaamOBaaaakiaacQdacqWIDesOcqGHsgIRcqWIDesOaaa@3D7A@</annotation>
</semantics></mstyle>
</math> gegeben durch</p>
<table style="margin-left:-40px"><tr><td class="def">
<div>
<math xmlns='http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML' display='inline'>
 <mstyle displaystyle='true'><semantics>
  <mrow>
   <msup>
    <mi mathvariant='normal'>X</mi>
    <mi>n</mi>
   </msup>
   <mo stretchy='false'>(</mo><mi>x</mi><mo stretchy='false'>)</mo><mo lspace='0.5em' rspace='0.5em'>=</mo><msup>
    <mi>x</mi>
    <mi>n</mi>
   </msup>
   
  </mrow>
 <annotation encoding='MathType-MTEF'>
 MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFepeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamiwamaaCaaaleqabaGaamOBaaaakiaacIcacaWG4bGaaiykaiabg2da9iaadIhadaahaaWcbeqaaiaad6gaaaaaaa@3D68@</annotation>
</semantics></mstyle>
</math>
</div></td><td class="num" width="80px">
<span class="num"><a name="6">[4.2.6]</a></span></td></tr></table>
<p>die <u>Potenzfunktion</u> zum Exponenten <i>n</i>.</p>
<p>Die Potenzfunktion zum Exponenten 0 ist die konstante Funktion 1. Alle anderen gehen durch die Punkte <math xmlns='http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML' display='inline'>
 <mstyle displaystyle='true'><semantics>
  <mrow>
   <mo stretchy='false'>(</mo><mn>0,0</mn><mo stretchy='false'>)</mo>
  </mrow>
 <annotation encoding='MathType-MTEF'>
 MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFepeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaaiikaiaaicdacaGGSaGaaGimaiaacMcaaaa@3965@</annotation>
</semantics></mstyle>
</math> und <math xmlns='http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML' display='inline'>
 <mstyle displaystyle='true'><semantics>
  <mrow>
   <mo stretchy='false'>(</mo><mn>1,1</mn><mo stretchy='false'>)</mo>
  </mrow>
 <annotation encoding='MathType-MTEF'>
 MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFepeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaaiikaiaaigdacaGGSaGaaGymaiaacMcaaaa@3967@</annotation>
</semantics></mstyle>
</math>. Ist</p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><i>n</i> gerade, so geht <math xmlns='http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML' display='inline'>
 <mstyle displaystyle='true'><semantics>
  <mrow>
   <msup>
    <mi mathvariant='normal'>X</mi>
    <mi>n</mi>
   </msup>
   
  </mrow>
 <annotation encoding='MathType-MTEF'>
 MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFepeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamiwamaaCaaaleqabaGaamOBaaaaaaa@37E5@</annotation>
</semantics></mstyle>
</math> auch durch <math xmlns='http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML' display='inline'>
 <mstyle displaystyle='true'><semantics>
  <mrow>
   <mo stretchy='false'>(</mo><mo>&#x2212;</mo><mn>1,1</mn><mo stretchy='false'>)</mo>
  </mrow>
 <annotation encoding='MathType-MTEF'>
 MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFepeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaaiikaiabgkHiTiaaigdacaGGSaGaaGymaiaacMcaaaa@3A54@</annotation>
</semantics></mstyle>
</math> und ist zudem achsensymmetrisch: <math xmlns='http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML' display='inline'>
 <mstyle displaystyle='true'><semantics>
  <mrow>
   <msup>
    <mrow>
     <mo stretchy='false'>(</mo><mo>&#x2212;</mo><mi>x</mi><mo stretchy='false'>)</mo>
    </mrow>
    <mi>n</mi>
   </msup>
   <mo>=</mo><msup>
    <mi>x</mi>
    <mi>n</mi>
   </msup>
   
  </mrow>
 <annotation encoding='MathType-MTEF'>
 MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFepeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaaiikaiabgkHiTiaadIhacaGGPaWaaWbaaSqabeaacaWGUbaaaOGaeyypa0JaamiEamaaCaaaleqabaGaamOBaaaaaaa@3D78@</annotation>
</semantics></mstyle>
</math>.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p><i>n</i> ungerage, so geht <math xmlns='http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML' display='inline'>
 <mstyle displaystyle='true'><semantics>
  <mrow>
   <msup>
    <mi mathvariant='normal'>X</mi>
    <mi>n</mi>
   </msup>
   
  </mrow>
 <annotation encoding='MathType-MTEF'>
 MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFepeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamiwamaaCaaaleqabaGaamOBaaaaaaa@37E5@</annotation>
</semantics></mstyle>
</math> auch durch <math xmlns='http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML' display='inline'>
 <mstyle displaystyle='true'><semantics>
  <mrow>
   <mo stretchy='false'>(</mo><mo>&#x2212;</mo><mn>1,</mn><mo>&#x2212;</mo><mn>1</mn><mo stretchy='false'>)</mo>
  </mrow>
 <annotation encoding='MathType-MTEF'>
 MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFepeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaaiikaiabgkHiTiaaigdacaGGSaGaeyOeI0IaaGymaiaacMcaaaa@3B41@</annotation>
</semantics></mstyle>
</math> und ist punktsymmetrisch: <math xmlns='http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML' display='inline'>
 <mstyle displaystyle='true'><semantics>
  <mrow>
   <msup>
    <mrow>
     <mo stretchy='false'>(</mo><mo>&#x2212;</mo><mi>x</mi><mo stretchy='false'>)</mo>
    </mrow>
    <mi>n</mi>
   </msup>
   <mo>=</mo><mo>&#x2212;</mo><msup>
    <mi>x</mi>
    <mi>n</mi>
   </msup>
   
  </mrow>
 <annotation encoding='MathType-MTEF'>
 MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFepeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaaiikaiabgkHiTiaadIhacaGGPaWaaWbaaSqabeaacaWGUbaaaOGaeyypa0JaeyOeI0IaamiEamaaCaaaleqabaGaamOBaaaaaaa@3E65@</annotation>
</semantics></mstyle>
</math>.</p>
</li>
</ul>
<p>Die Graphen der Potenzfunktionen sind recht überschaubar. Ihre Gestalt ähnelt den Graphen der gewöhnlichen, bzw. kubischen Parabel.</p>
<div>
<span class="inf" style="white-space:normal" onmouseover="if(active4==0){position('tip4','tab4',event.clientX,event.clientY-200); document.getElementById('tip4').className='tooltip_v'; if(!b)document.getElementById('tip4').className='tooltip_v_noopac'};active4=1">
<img class="inf" style="margin-left:3px; margin-right:3px" src="../info.gif" width="10" height="10"/></span>
</div>
<span id="tip4" class="tooltip_h" style="white-space:normal">
<table id="tab4" border="0" style="width:160px" ><tr><td onmousedown="x0=event.clientX;y0=event.clientY;fix('tip4')" onmouseup="drag=0" style="border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-color:blue; font-family:monospace"><p style="cursor: move; color:blue; margin-top:-5px; margin-bottom:0px; size:12pt; font-weight:bold">&#160;i</p><span style="float: right; margin-top:-15px"><img title="opacity on/off" style="margin-right:10px" onclick="opac_change();" src="../opacity-off.gif" width="10" height="10"/><img onclick="active4=0;document.getElementById('tip4').className='tooltip_h'" src="../close.gif" width="10" height="10"/></span></td></tr>
<tr><td valign="bottom" style="padding-bottom:0px;padding-top:0px">
<p style="margin-bottom:10px; margin-top:20px"><math xmlns='http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML' display='inline' id="eq4">
 <mstyle displaystyle='true' mathcolor='blue'><semantics>
  <mrow>
   <msup>
    <mi mathvariant='normal'>X</mi>
    <mn id="40">1</mn>
   </msup>
   
  </mrow>
 <annotation encoding='MathType-MTEF'>
 MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFepeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamiwamaaCaaaleqabaGaamOBaaaaaaa@37E5@</annotation>
</semantics></mstyle>
</math>
</p>
<p style="white-space:normal; margin-top:0px"><applet name="Graph4" id="Graph4" code="Graph.class" width="600px" height="350px">
	    <param name="func" value="Potenzfunktion"/>
	    <param name="xL" value="400"/>
	    <param name="yL" value="350"/>
	    <param name="la" value="de"/>
	    It looks like you don't have Java installed, please go to www.java.com</applet></p>
</td></tr></table>
</span>
</li>
</ul>
</span>

<!--######################################-->

<!--######################################-->
<span id="d2" style="white-space:normal; display:none">
<ul type="square">
<li>
<p>Die Funktion <math xmlns='http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML' display='inline'>
<mstyle displaystyle='true'>
 <semantics>
  <mrow>
   <mfrac>
    <mn>1</mn>
    <mi mathvariant='normal'>X</mi>
   </mfrac>
   <mo>:</mo><msup>
    <mi>&#x211D;</mi>
    <mrow>
     <mo>&#x2260;</mo><mn>0</mn>
    </mrow>
   </msup>
   <mo>&#x2192;</mo><mi>&#x211D;</mi>
  </mrow>
  <annotation encoding='MathType-MTEF'>MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaagCart1ev2aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXafv3ySLgzGmvETj2BSbqefm0B1jxALjhiov2DaebbnrfifHhDYfgasaacH8srps0lbbf9q8WrFfeuY=Hhbbf9v8qqaqFr0xc9pk0xbba9q8WqFfea0=yr0RYxir=Jbba9q8aq0=yq=He9q8qqQ8frFve9Fve9Ff0dmeaabaqaciGacaGaaeqabaWaaeaaeaaakeaadaWcaaqaaiaaigdaaeaacaWGybaaaiaacQdacqWIDesOdaahaaWcbeqaaiabgcMi5kaaicdaaaGccqGHsgIRcqWIDesOaaa@4255@</annotation>
 </semantics></mstyle>
</math>
 gegeben durch</p>
 <table style="margin-left:-40px"><tr><td class="def">
<div>
<math xmlns='http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML' display='inline'>
 <mstyle displaystyle='true'>
 <semantics>
  <mrow>
   <mfrac>
    <mn>1</mn>
    <mi mathvariant='normal'>X</mi>
   </mfrac>
   <mo stretchy='false'>(</mo><mi>x</mi><mo stretchy='false'>)</mo><mo lspace='0.2em' rspace='0.2em' fontsize='13pt'>&#x2254;</mo><mfrac>
    <mn>1</mn>
    <mi>x</mi>
   </mfrac>
   
  </mrow>
 <annotation encoding='MathType-MTEF'>
 MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBamXvP5wqonvsaeHbZLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaWaaSaaaeaacaaIXaaabaGaamiwaaaacaGGOaGaamiEaiaacMcacqGH9aqpdaWcaaqaaiaaigdaaeaacaWG4baaaaaa@3F47@</annotation>
</semantics></mstyle>
</math>
</div></td><td class="num" width="80px">
<span class="num"><a name="7">[4.2.7]</a></span></td></tr></table>
<p>heißt die <u>Kehrwertfunktion</u>. Sie hat keine Nullstellen, denn der Zähler wird nie 0, aber einen eingeschränkten Definitionsbereich, da 0 keinen Kehrwert besitzt. Daher besteht ihr Graph, die <i>Hyperbel</i>, aus zwei getrennten Ästen. Allgemeinere Hyperbeln erhält man durch Funktionen der Form</p>
<div>
<math xmlns='http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML' display='inline'>
 <mstyle displaystyle='true'>
 <semantics>
  <mrow>
   <mi>f</mi><mo>=</mo><mfrac>
    <mn>1</mn>
    <mrow>
     <mi>a</mi><mi mathvariant='normal'>X</mi><mo>-</mo><mi>b</mi>
    </mrow>
   </mfrac>
   <mo>+</mo><mi>c</mi>
  </mrow>
 <annotation encoding='MathType-MTEF'>
 MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBamXvP5wqonvsaeHbZLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamOzaiabg2da9maalaaabaGaaGymaaqaaiaadggacaWGybGaeyyla0IaamOyaaaacqGHRaWkcaWGJbaaaa@4091@</annotation>
</semantics></mstyle>
</math>
</div>
<p>Auch diese Funktionen haben einen eingeschränkten Definitionsbereich, da der Nenner <math xmlns='http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML' display='inline'>
 <mstyle displaystyle='true'>
 <semantics>
   <mrow>
   <mi>a</mi><mi mathvariant='normal'>X</mi><mo>-</mo><mi>b</mi>
  </mrow>
 <annotation encoding='MathType-MTEF'>
 MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBamXvP5wqonvsaeHbZLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamyyaiaadIfacqGHTaqlcaWGIbaaaa@3C0B@</annotation>
</semantics></mstyle>
</math> Nullstellen besitzt. Sie heißen <i>Polstellen</i> von <i>f</i> und werden in den folgenden Skizzen mit angegeben. Für <math xmlns='http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML' display='inline'>
 <mstyle displaystyle='true'><semantics>
  <mrow>
   <mi>a</mi><mo>&#x2260;</mo><mn>0</mn>
  </mrow>
 <annotation encoding='MathType-MTEF'>
 MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFepeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamyyaiabgcMi5kaaicdaaaa@394F@</annotation>
</semantics></mstyle>
</math> gibt es hier nur eine Polstelle, nämlich <math xmlns='http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML' display='inline'>
 <mstyle displaystyle='true'>
 <semantics>
  <mrow>
   <mfrac>
    <mi>b</mi>
    <mi>c</mi>
   </mfrac>
   
  </mrow>
 <annotation encoding='MathType-MTEF'>
 MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBamXvP5wqonvsaeHbZLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaWaaSaaaeaacaWGIbaabaGaam4yaaaaaaa@3A5A@</annotation>
</semantics></mstyle>
</math>. Ist <math xmlns='http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML' display='inline'>
 <mstyle displaystyle='true'>
 <semantics>
  <mrow>
   <mi>a</mi><mo>=</mo><mi>b</mi><mo>=</mo><mn>0</mn>
  </mrow>
 <annotation encoding='MathType-MTEF'>
 MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBamXvP5wqonvsaeHbZLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamyyaiabg2da9iaadkgacqGH9aqpcaaIWaaaaa@3D0E@</annotation>
</semantics></mstyle>
</math>, so ist <i>f</i> die leere Funktion!</p>
<div>
<span class="inf" style="white-space:normal" onmouseover="if(active5==0){position('tip5','tab5',event.clientX,event.clientY); document.getElementById('tip5').className='tooltip_v'; if(!b)document.getElementById('tip5').className='tooltip_v_noopac'};active5=1">
<img class="inf" style="margin-left:3px; margin-right:3px" src="../info.gif" width="10" height="10"/></span>
</div>
<span id="tip5" class="tooltip_h" style="white-space:normal">
<table id="tab5" border="0" style="width:600px; padding:0px"><tr><td colspan="2" onmousedown="x0=event.clientX;y0=event.clientY;fix('tip5')" onmouseup="drag=0" style="border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-color:blue; font-family:monospace"><p style="cursor: move; color:blue; margin-top:-5px; margin-bottom:0px; size:12pt; font-weight:bold">&#160;i</p><span style="float: right; margin-top:-15px"><img title="opacity on/off" style="margin-right:10px" onclick="opac_change();" src="../opacity-off.gif" width="10" height="10"/><img onclick="active5=0;document.getElementById('tip5').className='tooltip_h'" src="../close.gif" width="10" height="10"/></span></td></tr>
<tr><td valign="bottom" style="padding-bottom:0px;padding-top:0px">
<p style="margin-bottom:10px; visibility:visible" id="5">
<math  xmlns='http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML' display='inline' id="eq5">
 <mstyle displaystyle='true' mathcolor='blue'><semantics>
  <mrow>
   <mfrac>
    <mn>1</mn>
    <mrow>
     <mo id="50">-</mo><mn id="51">3</mn><mi mathvariant='normal' id="52">X</mi><mo id="53">+</mo><mn id="54">4</mn>
    </mrow>
   </mfrac>
   <mo id="55">+</mo><mn id="56">2</mn>
  </mrow>
 <annotation encoding='MathType-MTEF'>
 MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBamXvP5wqonvsaeHbZLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaWaaSaaaeaacaaIXaaabaGaeyyla0IaaG4maiaadIfacqGHRaWkcaaI0aaaaiabgUcaRiaaikdaaaa@3F04@</annotation>
</semantics>
</mstyle></math>
</p>
</td>
<td width="28%" valign="bottom">
<p style="color:'#404040'; font-size:11px; font-family:monospace; margin-bottom:10px">Polstelle:<br/><span id="e5">0</span></p>
</td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2">
<p style="white-space:normal; margin-top:0px"><applet name="Graph5" id="Graph5" code="Graph.class" width="600px" height="350px">
	    <param name="func" value="Kehrwertfunktion"/>
	    <param name="xL" value="400"/>
	    <param name="yL" value="350"/>
	    <param name="la" value="de"/>
	    It looks like you don't have Java installed, please go to www.java.com</applet></p>
</td></tr></table>
</span><br/>&#160;
</li>
<li>
<p>Wir können die Kehrwertfunktion als eine Potenzfunktion auffassen, denn für <math xmlns='http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML' display='inline'>
 <mstyle displaystyle='true'>
 <semantics>
  <mrow>
   <mi>n</mi><mo>&#x2208;</mo><msup>
    <mi>&#x2115;</mi>
    <mo>&#x2217;</mo>
   </msup>
   
  </mrow>
  <annotation encoding='MathType-MTEF'>MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaagCart1ev2aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXafv3ySLgzGmvETj2BSbqefm0B1jxALjhiov2DaebbnrfifHhDYfgasaacH8srps0lbbf9q8WrFfeuY=Hhbbf9v8qqaqFr0xc9pk0xbba9q8WqFfea0=yr0RYxir=Jbba9q8aq0=yq=He9q8qqQ8frFve9Fve9Ff0dmeaabaqaciGacaGaaeqabaWaaeaaeaaakeaacaWGUbGaeyicI4SaeSyfHu6aaWbaaSqabeaacqGHxiIkaaaaaa@3D69@</annotation>
 </semantics></mstyle>
</math> nennen wir die Funktion <math xmlns='http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML' display='inline'>
 <mstyle displaystyle='true'>
 <semantics>
  <mrow>
   <msup>
    <mi mathvariant='normal'>X</mi>
    <mrow>
     <mo>&#x2212;</mo><mi>n</mi>
    </mrow>
   </msup>
   <mo>:</mo><msup>
    <mi>&#x211D;</mi>
    <mrow>
     <mo>&#x2260;</mo><mn>0</mn>
    </mrow>
   </msup>
   <mo>&#x2192;</mo><mi>&#x211D;</mi>
  </mrow>
  <annotation encoding='MathType-MTEF'>MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaagCart1ev2aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXafv3ySLgzGmvETj2BSbqefm0B1jxALjhiov2DaebbnrfifHhDYfgasaacH8srps0lbbf9q8WrFfeuY=Hhbbf9v8qqaqFr0xc9pk0xbba9q8WqFfea0=yr0RYxir=Jbba9q8aq0=yq=He9q8qqQ8frFve9Fve9Ff0dmeaabaqaciGacaGaaeqabaWaaeaaeaaakeaacaWGybWaaWbaaSqabeaacqGHsislcaWGUbaaaOGaaiOoaiabl2riHoaaCaaaleqabaGaeyiyIKRaaGimaaaakiabgkziUkabl2riHcaa@43A1@</annotation>
 </semantics></mstyle>
</math> gegeben durch</p>
<table style="margin-left:-40px"><tr><td class="def">
<div>
<math xmlns='http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML' display='inline'>
 <mstyle displaystyle='true'>
 <semantics>
  <mrow>
   <msup>
    <mi mathvariant='normal'>X</mi>
    <mrow>
     <mo>&#x2212;</mo><mi>n</mi>
    </mrow>
   </msup>
   <mo stretchy='false'>(</mo><mi>x</mi><mo stretchy='false'>)</mo><mo lspace='0.2em' rspace='0.2em' fontsize='13pt'>&#x2254;</mo><msup>
    <mi>x</mi>
    <mrow>
     <mo>&#x2212;</mo><mi>n</mi>
    </mrow>
   </msup>
   <mo>=</mo><mfrac>
    <mn>1</mn>
    <mrow>
     <msup>
      <mi>x</mi>
      <mi>n</mi>
     </msup>
     
    </mrow>
   </mfrac>
   
  </mrow>
  <annotation encoding='MathType-MTEF'>MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaagCart1ev2aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXafv3ySLgzGmvETj2BSbqefm0B1jxALjhiov2DaebbnrfifHhDYfgasaacH8srps0lbbf9q8WrFfeuY=Hhbbf9v8qqaqFr0xc9pk0xbba9q8WqFfea0=yr0RYxir=Jbba9q8aq0=yq=He9q8qqQ8frFve9Fve9Ff0dmeaabaqaciGacaGaaeqabaWaaeaaeaaakeaacaWGybWaaWbaaSqabeaacqGHsislcaWGUbaaaOGaaiikaiaadIhacaGGPaGaeyypa0JaamiEamaaCaaaleqabaGaeyOeI0IaamOBaaaakiabg2da9maalaaabaGaaGymaaqaaiaadIhadaahaaWcbeqaaiaad6gaaaaaaaaa@45BC@</annotation>
 </semantics></mstyle>
</math>
</div></td><td class="num" width="80px">
<span class="num"><a name="8">[4.2.8]</a></span></td></tr></table>
<p>die <u>Potenzfunktion</u> zum Exponenten <math xmlns='http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML' display='inline'>
 <mstyle displaystyle='true'><semantics>
  <mrow>
   <mo>&#x2212;</mo><mi>n</mi>
  </mrow>
 <annotation encoding='MathType-MTEF'>
 MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFepeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaeyOeI0IaamOBaaaa@37C8@</annotation>
</semantics></mstyle>
</math>. Alle Potenzfunktionen mit einem negativen Exponenten besitzen in 0 eine Polstelle und gehen durch den Punkt <math xmlns='http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML' display='inline'>
 <mstyle displaystyle='true'>
 <semantics>
  <mrow>
   <mo stretchy='false'>(</mo><mn>1,1</mn><mo stretchy='false'>)</mo>
  </mrow>
  <annotation encoding='MathType-MTEF'>MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaagCart1ev2aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXafv3ySLgzGmvETj2BSbqefm0B1jxALjhiov2DaebbnrfifHhDYfgasaacH8srps0lbbf9q8WrFfeuY=Hhbbf9v8qqaqFr0xc9pk0xbba9q8WqFfea0=yr0RYxir=Jbba9q8aq0=yq=He9q8qqQ8frFve9Fve9Ff0dmeaabaqaciGacaGaaeqabaWaaeaaeaaakeaacaGGOaGaaGymaiaacYcacaaIXaGaaiykaaaa@3BE9@</annotation>
 </semantics></mstyle>
</math>, bei geradem <i>n</i> auch durch <math xmlns='http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML' display='inline'>
 <mstyle displaystyle='true'>
 <semantics>
  <mrow>
   <mo stretchy='false'>(</mo><mo>&#x2212;</mo><mn>1,1</mn><mo stretchy='false'>)</mo>
  </mrow>
  <annotation encoding='MathType-MTEF'>MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaagCart1ev2aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXafv3ySLgzGmvETj2BSbqefm0B1jxALjhiov2DaebbnrfifHhDYfgasaacH8srps0lbbf9q8WrFfeuY=Hhbbf9v8qqaqFr0xc9pk0xbba9q8WqFfea0=yr0RYxir=Jbba9q8aq0=yq=He9q8qqQ8frFve9Fve9Ff0dmeaabaqaciGacaGaaeqabaWaaeaaeaaakeaacaGGOaGaeyOeI0IaaGymaiaacYcacaaIXaGaaiykaaaa@3CD6@</annotation>
 </semantics></mstyle>
</math> und bei ungeradem durch <math xmlns='http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML' display='inline'>
 <mstyle displaystyle='true'>
 <semantics>
  <mrow>
   <mo stretchy='false'>(</mo><mo>&#x2212;</mo><mn>1,</mn><mo>&#x2212;</mo><mn>1</mn><mo stretchy='false'>)</mo>
  </mrow>
  <annotation encoding='MathType-MTEF'>MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaagCart1ev2aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXafv3ySLgzGmvETj2BSbqefm0B1jxALjhiov2DaebbnrfifHhDYfgasaacH8srps0lbbf9q8WrFfeuY=Hhbbf9v8qqaqFr0xc9pk0xbba9q8WqFfea0=yr0RYxir=Jbba9q8aq0=yq=He9q8qqQ8frFve9Fve9Ff0dmeaabaqaciGacaGaaeqabaWaaeaaeaaakeaacaGGOaGaeyOeI0IaaGymaiaacYcacqGHsislcaaIXaGaaiykaaaa@3DC3@</annotation>
 </semantics></mstyle>
</math>. Ihre Graphen wechseln ebenfalls nur zwischen zwei Grundformen, dabei ist <math xmlns='http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML' display='inline'>
 <mstyle displaystyle='true'>
 <semantics>
  <mrow>
   <msup>
    <mi mathvariant='normal'>X</mi>
    <mrow>
     <mo>&#x2212;</mo><mi>n</mi>
    </mrow>
   </msup>
   
  </mrow>
  <annotation encoding='MathType-MTEF'>MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaagCart1ev2aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXafv3ySLgzGmvETj2BSbqefm0B1jxALjhiov2DaebbnrfifHhDYfgasaacH8srps0lbbf9q8WrFfeuY=Hhbbf9v8qqaqFr0xc9pk0xbba9q8WqFfea0=yr0RYxir=Jbba9q8aq0=yq=He9q8qqQ8frFve9Fve9Ff0dmeaabaqaciGacaGaaeqabaWaaeaaeaaakeaacaWGybWaaWbaaSqabeaacqGHsislcaWGUbaaaaaa@3B54@</annotation>
 </semantics></mstyle>
</math> achsensymmetrisch falls <i>n</i> gerade und punktsymmetrisch falls <i>n</i> ungerade ist.</p>
<div>
<span class="inf" style="white-space:normal" onmouseover="if(active6==0){position('tip6','tab6',event.clientX,event.clientY-200); document.getElementById('tip6').className='tooltip_v'; if(!b)document.getElementById('tip6').className='tooltip_v_noopac'};active6=1">
<img class="inf" style="margin-left:3px; margin-right:3px" src="../info.gif" width="10" height="10"/></span>
<span id="tip6" class="tooltip_h" style="white-space:normal">
<table id="tab6" border="0" style="width:160px" ><tr><td onmousedown="x0=event.clientX;y0=event.clientY;fix('tip6')" onmouseup="drag=0" style="border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-color:blue; font-family:monospace"><p style="cursor: move; color:blue; margin-top:-5px; margin-bottom:0px; size:12pt; font-weight:bold">&#160;i</p><span style="float: right; margin-top:-15px"><img title="opacity on/off" style="margin-right:10px" onclick="opac_change();" src="../opacity-off.gif" width="10" height="10"/><img onclick="active6=0;document.getElementById('tip6').className='tooltip_h'" src="../close.gif" width="10" height="10"/></span></td></tr>
<tr><td valign="bottom" style="padding-bottom:0px;padding-top:0px">
<p style="margin-bottom:10px; margin-top:20px"><math xmlns='http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML' display='inline' id="eq6">
 <mstyle displaystyle='true' mathcolor='blue'><semantics>
  <mrow>
   <msup>
    <mi mathvariant='normal'>X</mi>
    <mn id="60">-1</mn>
   </msup>
   
  </mrow>
 <annotation encoding='MathType-MTEF'>
 MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFepeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamiwamaaCaaaleqabaGaamOBaaaaaaa@37E5@</annotation>
</semantics></mstyle>
</math>
</p>
<p style="white-space:normal; margin-top:0px"><applet name="Graph6" id="Graph6" code="Graph.class" width="600px" height="350px">
	    <param name="func" value="Potenzfunktion1"/>
	    <param name="xL" value="400"/>
	    <param name="yL" value="350"/>
	    <param name="la" value="de"/>
	    It looks like you don't have Java installed, please go to www.java.com</applet></p>
</td></tr></table>
</span>
</div>
</li>
</ul>
</span>

<!--######################################-->

<!--######################################-->
<span id="d3" style="white-space:normal; display:none">
<ul type="square">
<li>
<p>Die Funktion <math xmlns='http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML' display='inline'>
 <mstyle displaystyle='true'>
 <semantics>
  <mrow>
   <msqrt>
    <mi mathvariant='normal'>X</mi>
   </msqrt>
   <mo>:</mo><msup>
    <mi>&#x211D;</mi>
    <mrow>
     <mo>&#x2265;</mo><mn>0</mn>
    </mrow>
   </msup>
   <mo>&#x2192;</mo><mi>&#x211D;</mi>
  </mrow>
  <annotation encoding='MathType-MTEF'>MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaagCart1ev2aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXafv3ySLgzGmvETj2BSbqefm0B1jxALjhiov2DaebbnrfifHhDYfgasaacH8srps0lbbf9q8WrFfeuY=Hhbbf9v8qqaqFr0xc9pk0xbba9q8WqFfea0=yr0RYxir=Jbba9q8aq0=yq=He9q8qqQ8frFve9Fve9Ff0dmeaabaqaciGacaGaaeqabaWaaeaaeaaakeaadaGcaaqaaiaadIfaaSqabaGccaGG6aGaeSyhHe6aaWbaaSqabeaacqGHLjYScaaIWaaaaOGaeyOKH4QaeSyhHekaaa@41AE@</annotation>
 </semantics></mstyle>
</math> gegeben durch</p>
<table style="margin-left:-40px"><tr><td class="def">
<div>
<math xmlns='http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML' display='inline'>
 <mstyle displaystyle='true'>
 <semantics>
  <mrow>
   <msqrt>
    <mi mathvariant='normal'>X</mi>
   </msqrt>
   <mo stretchy='false'>(</mo><mi>x</mi><mo stretchy='false'>)</mo><mo lspace='0.2em' rspace='0.2em' fontsize='13pt'>&#x2254;</mo><msqrt>
    <mi>x</mi>
   </msqrt>
   
  </mrow>
  <annotation encoding='MathType-MTEF'>MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaagCart1ev2aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXafv3ySLgzGmvETj2BSbqefm0B1jxALjhiov2DaebbnrfifHhDYfgasaacH8srps0lbbf9q8WrFfeuY=Hhbbf9v8qqaqFr0xc9pk0xbba9q8WqFfea0=yr0RYxir=Jbba9q8aq0=yq=He9q8qqQ8frFve9Fve9Ff0dmeaabaqaciGacaGaaeqabaWaaeaaeaaakeaadaGcaaqaaiaadIfaaSqabaGccaGGOaGaamiEaiaacMcacqGH9aqpdaGcaaqaaiaadIhaaSqabaaaaa@3DE0@</annotation>
 </semantics></mstyle>
</math>
</div></td><td class="num" width="80px">
<span class="num"><a name="9">[4.2.9]</a></span></td></tr></table>
<p>heißt die <u>Wurzelfunktion</u>. Gelegentlich wird das Symbol <math xmlns='http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML' display='inline'>
 <mstyle displaystyle='true'>
 <semantics>
  <mrow>
   <msqrt>
    <mi mathvariant='normal'>X</mi>
   </msqrt>
   
  </mrow>
  <annotation encoding='MathType-MTEF'>MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaagCart1ev2aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXafv3ySLgzGmvETj2BSbqefm0B1jxALjhiov2DaebbnrfifHhDYfgasaacH8srps0lbbf9q8WrFfeuY=Hhbbf9v8qqaqFr0xc9pk0xbba9q8WqFfea0=yr0RYxir=Jbba9q8aq0=yq=He9q8qqQ8frFve9Fve9Ff0dmeaabaqaciGacaGaaeqabaWaaeaaeaaakeaadaGcaaqaaiaadIfaaSqabaaaaa@3962@</annotation>
 </semantics></mstyle>
</math> durch <math xmlns='http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML' display='inline'>
 <mstyle displaystyle='true'>
 <semantics>
  <mrow>
   <msqrt>
   <mrow>
   <mspace width='0em' height='1.6ex'/>
    <mo>&#x22C5;</mo>
    </mrow>
   </msqrt>
  </mrow>
  <annotation encoding='MathType-MTEF'>MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaagCart1ev2aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXafv3ySLgzGmvETj2BSbqefm0B1jxALjhiov2DaebbnrfifHhDYfgasaacH8srps0lbbf9q8WrFfeuY=Hhbbf9v8qqaqFr0xc9pk0xbba9q8WqFfea0=yr0RYxir=Jbba9q8aq0=yq=He9q8qqQ8frFve9Fve9Ff0dmeaabaqaciGacaGaaeqabaWaaeaaeaaakeaadaGcaaqaaiabgwSixdWcbeaaaaa@3ACF@</annotation>
 </semantics></mstyle>
</math> ersetzt.</p>
<p>Da im Reellen nur die positiven Zahlen Wurzeln besitzen, hat die Wurzelfunktion naturgemäß den Definitionsbereich <math xmlns='http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML' display='inline'>
 <mstyle displaystyle='true'>
 <semantics>
  <mrow>
   <msup>
    <mi>&#x211D;</mi>
    <mrow>
     <mo>&#x2265;</mo><mn>0</mn>
    </mrow>
   </msup>
   
  </mrow>
  <annotation encoding='MathType-MTEF'>MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaagCart1ev2aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXafv3ySLgzGmvETj2BSbqefm0B1jxALjhiov2DaebbnrfifHhDYfgasaacH8srps0lbbf9q8WrFfeuY=Hhbbf9v8qqaqFr0xc9pk0xbba9q8WqFfea0=yr0RYxir=Jbba9q8aq0=yq=He9q8qqQ8frFve9Fve9Ff0dmeaabaqaciGacaGaaeqabaWaaeaaeaaakeaacqWIDesOdaahaaWcbeqaaiabgwMiZkaaicdaaaaaaa@3C87@</annotation>
 </semantics></mstyle>
</math>. Außerdem sind alle Wurzelwerte positiv, so dass für die Skizze der erste Quadrant ausreicht.</p>
<p>Von ihren Variationsmöglichkeiten sollen hier beispielhaft diejenigen betrachtet werden, die durch die Form</p>
<div>
<math xmlns='http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML' display='inline'>
 <mstyle displaystyle='true'>
 <semantics>
  <mrow>
   <mi>f</mi><mo>=</mo><mi>a</mi><msqrt>
    <mrow>
     <mi mathvariant='normal'>X</mi><mo>&#x2212;</mo><mi>b</mi>
    </mrow>
   </msqrt>
   <mo>+</mo><mi>c</mi>
  </mrow>
  <annotation encoding='MathType-MTEF'>MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaagCart1ev2aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXafv3ySLgzGmvETj2BSbqefm0B1jxALjhiov2DaebbnrfifHhDYfgasaacH8srps0lbbf9q8WrFfeuY=Hhbbf9v8qqaqFr0xc9pk0xbba9q8WqFfea0=yr0RYxir=Jbba9q8aq0=yq=He9q8qqQ8frFve9Fve9Ff0dmeaabaqaciGacaGaaeqabaWaaeaaeaaakeaacaWGMbGaeyypa0JaamyyamaakaaabaGaamiwaiabgkHiTiaadkgaaSqabaGccqGHRaWkcaWGJbaaaa@3FE1@</annotation>
 </semantics></mstyle>
</math>
</div>
<p>gegeben sind.</p>
<div>
<span class="inf" style="white-space:normal" onmouseover="if(active7==0){position('tip7','tab7',event.clientX,event.clientY); document.getElementById('tip7').className='tooltip_v'; if(!b)document.getElementById('tip7').className='tooltip_v_noopac'};active7=1">
<img class="inf" style="margin-left:3px; margin-right:3px" src="../info.gif" width="10" height="10"/></span>
<span id="tip7" class="tooltip_h" style="white-space:normal">
<table id="tab7" border="0" style="width:160px" ><tr><td colspan="3" onmousedown="x0=event.clientX;y0=event.clientY;fix('tip7')" onmouseup="drag=0" style="border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-color:blue; font-family:monospace"><p style="cursor: move; color:blue; margin-top:-5px; margin-bottom:0px; size:12pt; font-weight:bold">&#160;i</p><span style="float: right; margin-top:-15px"><img title="opacity on/off" style="margin-right:10px" onclick="opac_change();" src="../opacity-off.gif" width="10" height="10"/><img onclick="active7=0;document.getElementById('tip7').className='tooltip_h'" src="../close.gif" width="10" height="10"/></span></td></tr>
<tr><td valign="bottom" style="padding-bottom:0px;padding-top:0px">
<p style="margin-bottom:10px">
<math xmlns='http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML' display='inline' id="eq7">
 <mstyle displaystyle='true' mathcolor='blue'><semantics>
  <mrow>
   <mo id='70'>&#x200B;</mo><mn id='71'>&#x200B;</mn><msqrt>
    <mrow>
     <mi mathvariant='normal'>X</mi><mo id='72'>&#x200B;</mo><mn id='73'>&#x200B;</mn>
    </mrow>
   </msqrt>
   <mo id='74'>&#x200B;</mo><mn id='75'>&#x200B;</mn>
  </mrow>
 <annotation encoding='MathType-MTEF'>
 MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFepeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaeyOeI0IaaG4mamaakaaabaGaamiwaiabgkHiTiaaiEdaaSqabaGccqGHRaWkcaaIYaaaaa@3BE0@</annotation>
</semantics></mstyle>
</math>
</p>
</td>
<td width="18%" valign="bottom">
<p style="color:'#404040'; font-size:11px; font-family:monospace; margin-bottom:10px">Nullstelle:<br/><span id="e71">0</span></p>
</td>
<td width="25%" valign="bottom">
<p style="color:'#404040'; font-size:11px; font-family:monospace; margin-bottom:10px">Definitions-<br/>bereich: [<span id="e7">0</span>,&#x221E;[</p>
</td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="3">
<p style="white-space:normal; margin-top:0px"><applet name="Graph7" id="Graph7" code="Graph.class" width="600px" height="350px">
	    <param name="func" value="Wurzelfunktion"/>
	    <param name="xL" value="400"/>
	    <param name="yL" value="350"/>
	    <param name="la" value="de"/>
	    It looks like you don't have Java installed, please go to www.java.com</applet></p>
</td></tr></table>
</span><br/>&#160;
</div>
</li>
</ul>
<p>Eine besondere Bedeutung kommt der Wurzelfunktion bei der Erzeugung von Kreisen und Ellipsen zu. Wir zeigen dies beispielhaft für einen Kreis mit Radius <math xmlns='http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML' display='inline'>
 <mstyle displaystyle='true'>
 <semantics>
  <mrow>
   <mi>r</mi><mo>&#x003E;</mo><mn>0</mn>
  </mrow>
  <annotation encoding='MathType-MTEF'>MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaagCart1ev2aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXafv3ySLgzGmvETj2BSbqefm0B1jxALjhiov2DaebbnrfifHhDYfgasaacH8srps0lbbf9q8WrFfeuY=Hhbbf9v8qqaqFr0xc9pk0xbba9q8WqFfea0=yr0RYxir=Jbba9q8aq0=yq=He9q8qqQ8frFve9Fve9Ff0dmeaabaqaciGacaGaaeqabaWaaeaaeaaakeaacaWGYbGaeyOpa4JaaGimaaaa@3B23@</annotation>
 </semantics></mstyle>
</math>: </p>
<p>Gemäß Pythagoras stellt die Menge <math xmlns='http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML' display='inline'>
 <mstyle displaystyle='true'><semantics>
  <mrow>
   <mo stretchy='false'>&#x007B;</mo><mo stretchy='false'>(</mo><mi>x</mi><mo>,</mo><mi>y</mi><mo stretchy='false'>)</mo><mo>&#x2208;</mo><msup>
    <mi>&#x211D;</mi>
    <mn>2</mn>
   </msup>
   <mo stretchy='false' lspace='0.2em' rspace='0.2em' mathsize='14pt'>&#x007C;</mo><msup>
    <mi>x</mi>
    <mn>2</mn>
   </msup>
   <mo>+</mo><msup>
    <mi>y</mi>
    <mn>2</mn>
   </msup>
   <mo>=</mo><msup>
    <mi>r</mi>
    <mn>2</mn>
   </msup>
   <mo stretchy='false'>&#x007D;</mo>
  </mrow>
 <annotation encoding='MathType-MTEF'>
 MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFepeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaai4EaiaacIcacaWG4bGaaiilaiaadMhacaGGPaGaeyicI4SaeSyhHe6aaWbaaSqabeaacaaIYaaaaOGaaiiFaiaadIhadaahaaWcbeqaaiaaikdaaaGccqGHRaWkcaWG5bWaaWbaaSqabeaacaaIYaaaaOGaeyypa0JaamOCamaaCaaaleqabaGaaGOmaaaakiaac2haaaa@4886@</annotation>
</semantics></mstyle>
</math> einen Kreis mit Radius <i>r</i> und Mittelpunkt <math xmlns='http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML' display='inline'>
 <mstyle displaystyle='true'><semantics>
  <mrow>
   <mo stretchy='false'>(</mo><mn>0,0</mn><mo stretchy='false'>)</mo>
  </mrow>
 <annotation encoding='MathType-MTEF'>
 MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFepeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaaiikaiaaicdacaGGSaGaaGimaiaacMcaaaa@3965@</annotation>
</semantics></mstyle>
</math> dar. Allerdings kann dieser Kreis nie Graph einer Funktion sein, da hier den <span><i>x</i>-Werten</span> zwei <span><i>y</i>-Werte</span> zukommen. Der obere Halbkreis dagegen könnte dies sehr wohl, falls <i>f</i> eine Funktion auf <math xmlns='http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML' display='inline'>
 <mstyle displaystyle='true'><semantics>
  <mrow>
   <mo stretchy='false'>[</mo><mo>&#x2212;</mo><mi>r</mi><mo>,</mo><mi>r</mi><mo stretchy='false'>]</mo>
  </mrow>
 <annotation encoding='MathType-MTEF'>
 MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFepeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaai4waiabgkHiTiaadkhacaGGSaGaamOCaiaac2faaaa@3B33@</annotation>
</semantics></mstyle>
</math> ist, deren Werte <math xmlns='http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML' display='inline'>
 <mstyle displaystyle='true'>
 <semantics>
  <mrow>
   <mi>f</mi><mo stretchy='false'>(</mo><mi>x</mi><mo stretchy='false'>)</mo>
  </mrow>
  <annotation encoding='MathType-MTEF'>MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaagCart1ev2aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXafv3ySLgzGmvETj2BSbqefm0B1jxALjhiov2DaebbnrfifHhDYfgasaacH8srps0lbbf9q8WrFfeuY=Hhbbf9v8qqaqFr0xc9pk0xbba9q8WqFfea0=yr0RYxir=Jbba9q8aq0=yq=He9q8qqQ8frFve9Fve9Ff0dmeaabaqaciGacaGaaeqabaWaaeaaeaaakeaacaWGMbGaaiikaiaadIhacaGGPaaaaa@3BAB@</annotation>
 </semantics></mstyle>
</math> positiv sind und die Gleichung</p>
<div>
<math xmlns='http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML' display='inline'>
 <mstyle displaystyle='true'>
 <semantics>
  <mrow>
   <msup>
    <mi>x</mi>
    <mn>2</mn>
   </msup>
   <mo>+</mo><msup>
    <mrow>
     <mo stretchy='false'>(</mo><mi>f</mi><mo stretchy='false'>(</mo><mi>x</mi><mo stretchy='false'>)</mo><mo stretchy='false'>)</mo>
    </mrow>
    <mn>2</mn>
   </msup>
   <mo>=</mo><msup>
    <mi>r</mi>
    <mn>2</mn>
   </msup>
   
  </mrow>
  <annotation encoding='MathType-MTEF'>MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaagCart1ev2aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXafv3ySLgzGmvETj2BSbqefm0B1jxALjhiov2DaebbnrfifHhDYfgasaacH8srps0lbbf9q8WrFfeuY=Hhbbf9v8qqaqFr0xc9pk0xbba9q8WqFfea0=yr0RYxir=Jbba9q8aq0=yq=He9q8qqQ8frFve9Fve9Ff0dmeaabaqaciGacaGaaeqabaWaaeaaeaaakeaacaWG4bWaaWbaaSqabeaacaaIYaaaaOGaey4kaSIaaiikaiaadAgacaGGOaGaamiEaiaacMcacaGGPaWaaWbaaSqabeaacaaIYaaaaOGaeyypa0JaamOCamaaCaaaleqabaGaaGOmaaaaaaa@43AF@</annotation>
 </semantics></mstyle>
</math>
</div>
<p>erfüllen. <i>f</i> muss daher durch die Funktionsvorschrift</p>
<div>
<math xmlns='http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML' display='inline'>
 <mstyle displaystyle='true'>
 <semantics>
  <mrow>
   <mi>f</mi><mo stretchy='false'>(</mo><mi>x</mi><mo stretchy='false'>)</mo><mo>=</mo><msqrt>
    <mrow>
     <msup>
      <mi>r</mi>
      <mn>2</mn>
     </msup>
     <mo>&#x2212;</mo><msup>
      <mi>x</mi>
      <mn>2</mn>
     </msup>
     
    </mrow>
   </msqrt>
   
  </mrow>
  <annotation encoding='MathType-MTEF'>MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaagCart1ev2aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXafv3ySLgzGmvETj2BSbqefm0B1jxALjhiov2DaebbnrfifHhDYfgasaacH8srps0lbbf9q8WrFfeuY=Hhbbf9v8qqaqFr0xc9pk0xbba9q8WqFfea0=yr0RYxir=Jbba9q8aq0=yq=He9q8qqQ8frFve9Fve9Ff0dmeaabaqaciGacaGaaeqabaWaaeaaeaaakeaacaWGMbGaaiikaiaadIhacaGGPaGaeyypa0ZaaOaaaeaacaWGYbWaaWbaaSqabeaacaaIYaaaaOGaeyOeI0IaamiEamaaCaaaleqabaGaaGOmaaaaaeqaaaaa@417E@</annotation>
 </semantics></mstyle>
</math>
</div>
<p>gegeben sein. Einen (oberen) Halbkreis mit beliebigem Mittelpunkt <math xmlns='http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML' display='inline'>
 <mstyle displaystyle='true'><semantics>
  <mrow>
   <mo stretchy='false'>(</mo><msup>
    <mi>x</mi>
    <mo>&#x2218;</mo>
   </msup>
   <mo>,</mo><msup>
    <mi>y</mi>
    <mo>&#x2218;</mo>
   </msup>
   <mo stretchy='false'>)</mo>
  </mrow>
 <annotation encoding='MathType-MTEF'>
 MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFepeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaaiikaiaadIhadaahaaWcbeqaaiablIHiVbaakiaacYcacaWG5bWaaWbaaSqabeaacqWIyiYBaaGccaGGPaaaaa@3CCE@</annotation>
</semantics></mstyle>
</math> gewinnen wir nach einer kleinen Manipulation durch die Funktion</p>
<div>
<math xmlns='http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML' display='inline'>
 <mstyle displaystyle='true'><semantics>
  <mrow>
   <msqrt>
    <mrow>
     <msup>
      <mi>r</mi>
      <mn>2</mn>
     </msup>
     <mo>&#x2212;</mo>
       <mo stretchy='false'>(</mo><mi mathvariant='normal'>X</mi><mo>&#x2212;</mo><msup>
        <mi>x</mi>
        <mo>&#x2218;</mo>
       </msup><msup>
       <mo stretchy='false'>)</mo>
      <mn>2</mn>
     </msup>
     
    </mrow>
   </msqrt>
   <mo>+</mo><msup>
    <mi>y</mi>
    <mo>&#x2218;</mo>
   </msup>
   <mo>:</mo><mo stretchy='false'>[</mo><msup>
    <mi>x</mi>
    <mo>&#x2218;</mo>
   </msup>
   <mo>&#x2212;</mo><mi>r</mi><mo>,</mo><msup>
    <mi>x</mi>
    <mo>&#x2218;</mo>
   </msup>
   <mo>+</mo><mi>r</mi><mo stretchy='false'>]</mo><mo>&#x2192;</mo><mi>&#x211D;</mi>
  </mrow>
 <annotation encoding='MathType-MTEF'>
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</semantics></mstyle>
</math>.
</div>
<p>Schließlich erzeugt für <math xmlns='http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML' display='inline'>
 <mstyle displaystyle='true'><semantics>
  <mrow>
   <mi>a</mi><mo>,</mo><mi>b</mi><mo>&#x003E;</mo><mn>0</mn>
  </mrow>
 <annotation encoding='MathType-MTEF'>
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</semantics></mstyle>
</math> die Funktion</p>
<div>
<math xmlns='http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML' display='inline'>
 <mstyle displaystyle='true'><semantics>
  <mrow>
   <mfrac>
    <mi>b</mi>
    <mi>a</mi>
   </mfrac>
   <msqrt>
    <mrow>
     <msup>
      <mi>a</mi>
      <mn>2</mn>
     </msup>
     <mo>&#x2212;</mo>
       <mo stretchy='false'>(</mo><mi mathvariant='normal'>X</mi><mo>&#x2212;</mo><msup>
        <mi>x</mi>
        <mo>&#x2218;</mo>
       </msup><msup>
       <mo stretchy='false'>)</mo>
      <mn>2</mn>
     </msup>
     
    </mrow>
   </msqrt>
   <mo>+</mo><msup>
    <mi>y</mi>
    <mo>&#x2218;</mo>
   </msup>
   <mo>:</mo><mo stretchy='false'>[</mo><msup>
    <mi>x</mi>
    <mo>&#x2218;</mo>
   </msup>
   <mo>&#x2212;</mo><mi>a</mi><mo>,</mo><msup>
    <mi>x</mi>
    <mo>&#x2218;</mo>
   </msup>
   <mo>+</mo><mi>a</mi><mo stretchy='false'>]</mo><mo>&#x2192;</mo><mi>&#x211D;</mi>
  </mrow>
 <annotation encoding='MathType-MTEF'>
 MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFepeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaWaaSaaaeaacaWGIbaabaGaamyyaaaadaGcaaqaaiaadggadaahaaWcbeqaaiaaikdaaaGccqGHsislcaGGOaGaamiwaiabgkHiTiaadIhadaahaaWcbeqaaiablIHiVbaakiaacMcadaahaaWcbeqaaiaaikdaaaaabeaakiabgUcaRiaadMhadaahaaWcbeqaaiablIHiVbaakiaacQdacaGGBbGaamiEamaaCaaaleqabaGaeSigI8gaaOGaeyOeI0IaamyyaiaacYcacaWG4bWaaWbaaSqabeaacqWIyiYBaaGccqGHRaWkcaWGHbGaaiyxaiabgkziUkabl2riHcaa@5372@</annotation>
</semantics></mstyle>
</math>
</div>
<p>eine Halbellipse mit den <i>Halbachsen a</i> und <i>b</i> und Mittelpunkt <math xmlns='http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML' display='inline'>
 <mstyle displaystyle='true'><semantics>
  <mrow>
   <mo stretchy='false'>(</mo><msup>
    <mi>x</mi>
    <mo>&#x2218;</mo>
   </msup>
   <mo>,</mo><msup>
    <mi>y</mi>
    <mo>&#x2218;</mo>
   </msup>
   <mo stretchy='false'>)</mo>
  </mrow>
 <annotation encoding='MathType-MTEF'>
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</semantics></mstyle>
</math>. Der Sonderfall <math xmlns='http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML' display='inline'>
 <mstyle displaystyle='true'><semantics>
  <mrow>
   <mi>a</mi><mo>=</mo><mi>b</mi>
  </mrow>
 <annotation encoding='MathType-MTEF'>
 MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFepeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamyyaiabg2da9iaadkgaaaa@38BB@</annotation>
</semantics></mstyle>
</math> führt dabei wieder auf einen Kreis zurück.</p>
<div>
<span class="inf" style="white-space:normal" onmouseover="if(active9==0){position('tip9','tab9',event.clientX,event.clientY-200); document.getElementById('tip9').className='tooltip_v'; if(!b)document.getElementById('tip9').className='tooltip_v_noopac'};active9=1">
<img class="inf" style="margin-left:3px; margin-right:3px" src="../info.gif" width="10" height="10"/></span>
<span id="tip9" class="tooltip_h" style="white-space:normal">
<table id="tab9" border="0" style="width:160px" ><tr><td onmousedown="x0=event.clientX;y0=event.clientY;fix('tip9')" onmouseup="drag=0" style="border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-color:blue; font-family:monospace"><p style="cursor: move; color:blue; margin-top:-5px; margin-bottom:0px; size:12pt; font-weight:bold">&#160;i</p><span style="float: right; margin-top:-15px"><img title="opacity on/off" style="margin-right:10px" onclick="opac_change();" src="../opacity-off.gif" width="10" height="10"/><img onclick="active9=0;document.getElementById('tip9').className='tooltip_h'" src="../close.gif" width="10" height="10"/></span></td></tr>
<tr><td valign="bottom" style="padding-bottom:0px;padding-top:0px">
<p style="margin-bottom:10px; margin-top:10px">
<math xmlns='http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML' display='inline' id='eq9'>
 <mstyle displaystyle='true' mathcolor='blue'><semantics>
  <mrow>
   <mfrac linethickness='1' id='90'>
    <mn id='91'>2</mn>
    <mn id='92'>3</mn>
   </mfrac>
   <msqrt>
    <mrow>
     <mspace width='0em' depth='0.5ex'/>
     <msup>
      <mn id='93'>3</mn>
      <mn>2</mn>
     </msup>
     <mo>&#x2212;</mo><msup>
      <mrow>
       <mo stretchy='false' id='94'>(</mo><mi mathvariant='normal'>X</mi><mo id='95'>&#x2212;</mo><mn id='96'>5</mn><mo stretchy='false' id='97'>)</mo>
      </mrow>
      <mn>2</mn>
     </msup>
     
    </mrow>
   </msqrt>
   <mo id='98'>+</mo><mn id='99'>7</mn>
   <mphantom>
   <mfrac>
    <mn>2</mn>
    <mn>3</mn>
   </mfrac>
   </mphantom>
  </mrow>
 <annotation encoding='MathType-MTEF'>
 MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFepeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaWaaSaaaeaacaaIYaaabaGaaG4maaaadaGcaaqaaiaaiodadaahaaWcbeqaaiaaikdaaaGccqGHsislcaGGOaGaamiwaiabgkHiTiaaiwdacaGGPaWaaWbaaSqabeaacaaIYaaaaaqabaGccqGHRaWkcaaI3aaaaa@4096@</annotation>
</semantics></mstyle>
</math>
</p>
</td></tr>
<tr><td>
<p style="white-space:normal; margin-top:0px"><applet name="Graph9" id="Graph9" code="Graph.class" width="600px" height="350px">
	    <param name="func" value="Kreisfunktion"/>
	    <param name="xL" value="400"/>
	    <param name="yL" value="350"/>
	    <param name="la" value="de"/>
	    It looks like you don't have Java installed, please go to www.java.com</applet></p>
</td></tr></table>
</span><br/>&#160;
</div>
</span>

<!--######################################-->

<!--######################################-->
<span id="d4" style="white-space:normal; display:none">
<ul type="square">
<li>
<p>Die Funktion <math xmlns='http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML' display='inline'>
 <mstyle displaystyle='true'><semantics>
  <mrow>
   <mo stretchy='false' lspace='0.2em' rspace='0.2em' mathsize='14pt'>&#x007C;</mo><mi mathvariant='normal'>X</mi><mo stretchy='false' rspace='0.1em' mathsize='14pt'>&#x007C;</mo><mo>:</mo><mi>&#x211D;</mi><mo>&#x2192;</mo><mi>&#x211D;</mi>
  </mrow>
 <annotation encoding='MathType-MTEF'>
 MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFepeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaaiiFaiaadIfacaGG8bGaaiOoaiabl2riHkabgkziUkabl2riHcaa@3E50@</annotation>
</semantics></mstyle>
</math> gegeben durch </p>
<table style="margin-left:-40px"><tr><td class="def">
<div>
<math xmlns='http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML' display='inline'>
 <mstyle displaystyle='true'><semantics>
  <mrow>
   <mo stretchy='false' lspace='0.2em' rspace='0.2em' mathsize='14pt'>&#x007C;</mo><mi mathvariant='normal'>X</mi><mo stretchy='false' rspace='0.1em' mathsize='14pt'>&#x007C;</mo><mo stretchy='false'>(</mo><mi>x</mi><mo stretchy='false'>)</mo><mo lspace='0.2em' rspace='0.2em' fontsize='13pt'>&#x2254;</mo><mo stretchy='false' lspace='0.2em' rspace='0.2em'>&#x007C;</mo><mi>x</mi><mo stretchy='false' rspace='0.1em'>&#x007C;</mo><mo>=</mo><mi>max</mi><mo>&#x2061;</mo><mo stretchy='false'>&#x007B;</mo><mi>x</mi><mo>,</mo><mo>&#x2212;</mo><mi>x</mi><mo stretchy='false'>&#x007D;</mo><mo>=</mo><mrow><mo>{</mo> <mrow>
    <mtable columnalign='left'>
     <mtr columnalign='left'>
      <mtd columnalign='left'>
       <mrow>
        <mi>x</mi><mo>,</mo><mtext>&#160;falls&#160;</mtext><mi>x</mi><mo>&#x2265;</mo><mn>0</mn>
       </mrow>
      </mtd>
     </mtr>
     <mtr columnalign='left'>
      <mtd columnalign='left'>
       <mrow>
        <mo>&#x2212;</mo><mi>x</mi><mo>,</mo><mtext>&#160;falls&#160;</mtext><mi>x</mi><mo>&#x003C;</mo><mn>0</mn>
       </mrow>
      </mtd>
     </mtr>
     
    </mtable>
   </mrow> </mrow>
  </mrow>
 <annotation encoding='MathType-MTEF'>
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</semantics></mstyle>
</math>
</div></td><td class="num" width="80px">
<span class="num"><a name="10">[4.2.10]</a></span></td></tr></table>
<p>heißt die <u>Betragsfunktion</u>. Alternativ kann man auch das Symbol <math xmlns='http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML' display='inline'>
 <mstyle displaystyle='true'><semantics>
  <mrow>
   <mo stretchy='false' lspace='0.2em' rspace='0.2em' mathsize='14pt'>&#x007C;</mo><mo>.</mo><mo stretchy='false' lspace='0.2em' rspace='0.2em' mathsize='14pt'>&#x007C;</mo>
  </mrow>
 <annotation encoding='MathType-MTEF'>
 MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFepeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaaiiFaiaac6cacaGG8baaaa@389A@</annotation>
</semantics></mstyle>
</math> verwenden.</p>
<p>Ihre Funktionswerte sind Beträge reeller Zahlen, also grundsätzlich positiv. Daher liegt der Graph der Betragsfunktion oberhalb der <span><i>x</i>-Achse.</span> Die rechts stehende Variante der Funktionsvorschrift zeigt, dass der Graph im Positiven mit der 1. und im Negativen mit der 2. Winkelhalbierenden zusammenfällt. Man beachte den Knick im Koordinatenursprung.</p>
<p>Wir variieren die Betragsfunktion hier durch Funktionen der Form</p>
<div>
<math xmlns='http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML' display='inline'>
 <mstyle displaystyle='true'><semantics>
  <mrow>
   <mi>f</mi><mo>=</mo><mi>a</mi><mo stretchy='false' lspace='0.2em' rspace='0.2em' mathsize='14pt'>&#x007C;</mo><mi mathvariant='normal'>X</mi><mo>&#x2212;</mo><mi>b</mi><mo stretchy='false' rspace='0.1em' mathsize='14pt'>&#x007C;</mo><mo>+</mo><mi>c</mi>
  </mrow>
 <annotation encoding='MathType-MTEF'>
 MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFepeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamOzaiabg2da9iaadggacaGG8bGaamiwaiabgkHiTiaadkgacaGG8bGaey4kaSIaam4yaaaa@3F3A@</annotation>
</semantics></mstyle>
</math>.
<br/>&#160;<br/>&#160;
<span class="inf" style="white-space:normal" onmouseover="if(active8==0){position('tip8','tab8',event.clientX,event.clientY); document.getElementById('tip8').className='tooltip_v'; if(!b)document.getElementById('tip8').className='tooltip_v_noopac'};active8=1">
<img class="inf" style="margin-left:3px; margin-right:3px" src="../info.gif" width="10" height="10"/></span>
<span id="tip8" class="tooltip_h" style="white-space:normal">
<table id="tab8" border="0" style="width:160px" ><tr><td colspan="2" onmousedown="x0=event.clientX;y0=event.clientY;fix('tip8')" onmouseup="drag=0" style="border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-color:blue; font-family:monospace"><p style="cursor: move; color:blue; margin-top:-5px; margin-bottom:0px; size:12pt; font-weight:bold">&#160;i</p><span style="float: right; margin-top:-15px"><img title="opacity on/off" style="margin-right:10px" onclick="opac_change();" src="../opacity-off.gif" width="10" height="10"/><img onclick="active8=0;document.getElementById('tip8').className='tooltip_h'" src="../close.gif" width="10" height="10"/></span></td></tr>
<tr><td valign="bottom" style="padding-bottom:0px;padding-top:0px">
<p style="margin-bottom:10px">
<math xmlns='http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML' display='inline' id="eq8">
 <mstyle displaystyle='true' mathcolor='blue'><semantics>
  <mrow>
   <mo id='80'>&#x200B;</mo><mn id='81'>&#x200B;</mn><mo id='82' stretchy='false' lspace='0.2em' rspace='0.2em' mathsize='14pt'>&#x007C;</mo><mi id='83' mathvariant='normal'>X</mi><mo id='84'>&#x200B;</mo><mn id='85'>&#x200B;</mn><mo id='86' stretchy='false' rspace='0.2em' mathsize='14pt'>&#x007C;</mo><mo id='87'>&#x200B;</mo><mn id='88'>&#x200B;</mn>
  </mrow>
 <annotation encoding='MathType-MTEF'>
 MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFepeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaeyOeI0IaaGOmaiaacYhacaWGybGaeyOeI0IaaGinaiaacYhacqGHRaWkcaaI1aaaaa@3DBA@</annotation>
</semantics></mstyle>
</math>
</p>
</td>
<td width="28%" valign="bottom">
<p style="color:'#404040'; font-size:11px; font-family:monospace; margin-bottom:10px">Nullstellen:<br/><span id="e8">0</span></p>
</td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2">
<p style="white-space:normal; margin-top:0px"><applet name="Graph8" id="Graph8" code="Graph.class" width="600px" height="350px">
	    <param name="func" value="Betragsfunktion"/>
	    <param name="xL" value="400"/>
	    <param name="yL" value="350"/>
	    <param name="la" value="de"/>
	    It looks like you don't have Java installed, please go to www.java.com</applet></p>
</td></tr></table>
</span>
</div>
</li>
</ul>
<p>Die Funktionsvorschrift der Betragsfunktion stellt eine bestimmte Technik vor, nämlich die, eine Funktion <i>abschnittsweise</i> zu definieren. Damit ist das folgende Prinzip gemeint: Ist <math xmlns='http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML' display='inline'>
 <mstyle displaystyle='true'><semantics>
  <mrow>
   <mi>A</mi><mo>=</mo><msub>
    <mi>A</mi>
    <mn>1</mn>
   </msub>
   <mo>&#x222A;</mo><mo>&#x2026;</mo><mo>&#x222A;</mo><msub>
    <mi>A</mi>
    <mi>n</mi>
   </msub>
   
  </mrow>
 <annotation encoding='MathType-MTEF'>
 MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFepeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamyqaiabg2da9iaadgeadaWgaaWcbaGaaGymaaqabaGccqGHQicYcqWIMaYscqGHQicYcaWGbbWaaSbaaSqaaiaad6gaaeqaaaaa@3FB2@</annotation>
</semantics></mstyle>
</math> eine (disjunkte) Zerlegung der Menge <i>A</i> und sind <math xmlns='http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML' display='inline'>
 <mstyle displaystyle='true'><semantics>
  <mrow>
   <msub>
    <mi>f</mi>
    <mn>1</mn>
   </msub>
   <mo>:</mo><msub>
    <mi>A</mi>
    <mn>1</mn>
   </msub>
   <mo>&#x2192;</mo><mi>&#x211D;</mi><mo>,</mo><mo>&#x2026;</mo><mo>,</mo><msub>
    <mi>f</mi>
    <mi>n</mi>
   </msub>
   <mo>:</mo><msub>
    <mi>A</mi>
    <mi>n</mi>
   </msub>
   <mo>&#x2192;</mo><mi>&#x211D;</mi>
  </mrow>
 <annotation encoding='MathType-MTEF'>
 MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFepeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamOzamaaBaaaleaacaaIXaaabeaakiaacQdacaWGbbWaaSbaaSqaaiaaigdaaeqaaOGaeyOKH4QaeSyhHeQaaiilaiablAciljaacYcacaWGMbWaaSbaaSqaaiaad6gaaeqaaOGaaiOoaiaadgeadaWgaaWcbaGaamOBaaqabaGccqGHsgIRcqWIDesOaaa@4836@</annotation>
</semantics></mstyle>
</math> bereits gegebene Funktionen, so wird durch die Festsetzung</p>
<table><tr><td class="def">
<div>
<math xmlns='http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML' display='inline'>
 <mstyle displaystyle='true'><semantics>
  <mrow>
   <mi>f</mi><mo stretchy='false'>(</mo><mi>x</mi><mo stretchy='false'>)</mo><mo lspace='0.2em' rspace='0.2em' fontsize='13pt'>&#x2254;</mo><mrow><mo>{</mo> <mrow>
    <mtable>
     <mtr>
      <mtd>
       <mrow>
        <msub>
         <mi>f</mi>
         <mn>1</mn>
        </msub>
        <mo stretchy='false'>(</mo><mi>x</mi><mo stretchy='false'>)</mo><mo>,</mo><mtext>&#160;falls&#160;</mtext><mi>x</mi><mo>&#x2208;</mo><msub>
         <mi>A</mi>
         <mn>1</mn>
        </msub>
        
       </mrow>
      </mtd>
     </mtr>
     <mtr>
      <mtd>
       <mo>&#x22EE;</mo>
      </mtd>
     </mtr>
     <mtr>
      <mtd>
       <mrow>
        <msub>
         <mi>f</mi>
         <mi>n</mi>
        </msub>
        <mo stretchy='false'>(</mo><mi>x</mi><mo stretchy='false'>)</mo><mo>,</mo><mtext>&#160;falls&#160;</mtext><mi>x</mi><mo>&#x2208;</mo><msub>
         <mi>A</mi>
         <mi>n</mi>
        </msub>
        
       </mrow>
      </mtd>
     </mtr>
     
    </mtable>
   </mrow> </mrow>
  </mrow>
 <annotation encoding='MathType-MTEF'>
 MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFepeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamOzaiaacIcacaWG4bGaaiykaiabg2da9maaceaabaqbaeqabmqaaaqaaiaadAgadaWgaaWcbaGaaGymaaqabaGccaGGOaGaamiEaiaacMcacaGGSaGaaeOzaiaabggacaqGSbGaaeiBaiaabohacaWG4bGaeyicI4SaamyqamaaBaaaleaacaaIXaaabeaaaOqaaiabl6UinbqaaiaadAgadaWgaaWcbaGaamOBaaqabaGccaGGOaGaamiEaiaacMcacaGGSaGaaeOzaiaabggacaqGSbGaaeiBaiaabohacaWG4bGaeyicI4SaamyqamaaBaaaleaacaWGUbaabeaaaaaakiaawUhaaaaa@592C@</annotation>
</semantics></mstyle>
</math>
</div></td><td class="num" width="80px">
<span class="num"><a name="11">[4.2.11]</a></span></td></tr></table>
<p>eine Funktion <math xmlns='http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML' display='inline'>
 <mstyle displaystyle='true'><semantics>
  <mrow>
   <mi>f</mi><mo>:</mo><mi>A</mi><mo>&#x2192;</mo><mi>&#x211D;</mi>
  </mrow>
 <annotation encoding='MathType-MTEF'>
 MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFepeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamOzaiaacQdacaWGbbGaeyOKH4QaeSyhHekaaa@3BB4@</annotation>
</semantics></mstyle>
</math> definiert.</p>
<ul type="square">
<li>
<p>Ein weiteres Beispiel dieser Art ist die <u>Vorzeichenfunktion</u> (auch <u>Signumfunktion</u>) <math xmlns='http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML' display='inline'>
 <mstyle displaystyle='true'><semantics>
  <mrow>
   <mtext>sgn</mtext><mo>:</mo><mi>&#x211D;</mi><mo>&#x2192;</mo><mi>&#x211D;</mi>
  </mrow>
 <annotation encoding='MathType-MTEF'>
 MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFepeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaae4CaiaabMgacaqGNbGaaeOBaiaacQdacqWIDesOcqGHsgIRcqWIDesOaaa@3F30@</annotation>
</semantics></mstyle>
</math>:</p>
<table style="margin-left:-40px"><tr><td class="def">
<div>
<math xmlns='http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML' display='inline'>
 <mstyle displaystyle='true'><semantics>
  <mrow>
   <mtext>sgn</mtext><mo stretchy='false' lspace='0.1em'>(</mo><mi>x</mi><mo stretchy='false'>)</mo><mo lspace='0.2em' rspace='0.2em' fontsize='13pt'>&#x2254;</mo><mrow><mo>{</mo> <mrow>
    <mtable columnalign='left'>
     <mtr columnalign='left'>
      <mtd columnalign='left'>
       <mrow>
        <mn>1,</mn><mtext>&#160;falls&#160;</mtext><mi>x</mi><mo>&#x003E;</mo><mn>0</mn>
       </mrow>
      </mtd>
     </mtr>
     <mtr columnalign='left'>
      <mtd columnalign='left'>
       <mrow>
        <mn>0,</mn><mtext>&#160;falls&#160;</mtext><mi>x</mi><mo>=</mo><mn>0</mn>
       </mrow>
      </mtd>
     </mtr>
     <mtr columnalign='left'>
      <mtd columnalign='left'>
       <mrow>
        <mo>&#x2212;</mo><mn>1,</mn><mtext>&#160;falls&#160;</mtext><mi>x</mi><mo>&#x003C;</mo><mn>0</mn>
       </mrow>
      </mtd>
     </mtr>
     
    </mtable>
   </mrow> </mrow>
  </mrow>
 <annotation encoding='MathType-MTEF'>
 MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFepeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaae4CaiaabMgacaqGNbGaaeOBaiaacIcacaWG4bGaaiykaiabg2da9maaceaabaqbaeaabmqaaaqaaiaaigdacaGGSaGaaeOzaiaabggacaqGSbGaaeiBaiaabohacaWG4bGaeyOpa4JaaGimaaqaaiaaicdacaGGSaGaaeOzaiaabggacaqGSbGaaeiBaiaabohacaWG4bGaeyypa0JaaGimaaqaaiabgkHiTiaaigdacaGGSaGaaeOzaiaabggacaqGSbGaaeiBaiaabohacaWG4bGaeyipaWJaaGimaaaaaiaawUhaaaaa@5970@</annotation>
</semantics></mstyle>
</math>
</div></td><td class="num" width="80px">
<span class="num"><a name="12">[4.2.12]</a></span></td></tr></table>
</li>
</ul>
</span>

<!--######################################-->


<!--######################################-->
<span id="d5" style="white-space:normal; display:none">
<ul type="square">
<li>
<p>Die Funktion <math xmlns='http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML' display='inline'>
 <mstyle displaystyle='true'><semantics>
  <mrow>
   <mi mathvariant='normal'>H</mi><mo>:</mo><mi>&#x211D;</mi><mo>&#x2192;</mo><mi>&#x211D;</mi>
  </mrow>
 <annotation encoding='MathType-MTEF'>
 MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFepeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamisaiaacQdacqWIDesOcqGHsgIRcqWIDesOaaa@3C40@</annotation>
</semantics></mstyle>
</math> gegeben durch</p>
<table style="margin-left:-40px"><tr><td class="def">
<div>
<math xmlns='http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML' display='inline'>
 <mstyle displaystyle='true'><semantics>
  <mrow>
   <mi mathvariant='normal'>H</mi><mo stretchy='false'>(</mo><mi>x</mi><mo stretchy='false'>)</mo><mo lspace='0.2em' rspace='0.2em' fontsize='13pt'>&#x2254;</mo><mrow><mo>{</mo> <mrow>
    <mtable columnalign='left'>
     <mtr columnalign='left'>
      <mtd columnalign='left'>
       <mrow>
        <mn>1,</mn><mtext>&#160;falls&#160;</mtext><mi>x</mi><mo>&#x2265;</mo><mn>0</mn>
       </mrow>
      </mtd>
     </mtr>
     <mtr columnalign='left'>
      <mtd columnalign='left'>
       <mrow>
        <mn>0,</mn><mtext>&#160;falls&#160;</mtext><mi>x</mi><mo>&#x003C;</mo><mn>0</mn>
       </mrow>
      </mtd>
     </mtr>
     
    </mtable>
   </mrow> </mrow>
  </mrow>
 <annotation encoding='MathType-MTEF'>
 MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFepeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamisaiaacIcacaWG4bGaaiykaiabg2da9maaceaabaqbaeaabiqaaaqaaiaaigdacaGGSaGaaeOzaiaabggacaqGSbGaaeiBaiaabohacaWG4bGaeyyzImRaaGimaaqaaiaaicdacaGGSaGaaeOzaiaabggacaqGSbGaaeiBaiaabohacaWG4bGaeyipaWJaaGimaaaaaiaawUhaaaaa@4D86@</annotation>
</semantics></mstyle>
</math>
</div></td><td class="num" width="80px">
<span class="num"><a name="13">[4.2.13]</a></span></td></tr></table>
<p>ist die <u>Heaviside-Funktion</u>. Gebräulich ist auch der Name <u>Theta-Funktion</u> mit dem Symbol <math xmlns='http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML' display='inline'>
 <mstyle displaystyle='true'><semantics>
  <mi mathvariant='normal'>&#x0398;</mi>
 <annotation encoding='MathType-MTEF'>
 MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFepeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaeuiMdefaaa@375F@</annotation>
</semantics></mstyle>
</math>.</p>
<p>Obwohl die <a href="http://www-history.mcs.st-and.ac.uk/history/Biographies/Heaviside.html" target="_blank">Heaviside</a>-Funktion auf ganz <math xmlns='http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML' display='inline'>
 <mstyle displaystyle='true'><semantics>
  <mi>&#x211D;</mi>
 <annotation encoding='MathType-MTEF'>
 MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFepeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaeSyhHekaaa@3758@</annotation>
</semantics></mstyle>
</math> erklärt ist, besteht ihr Graph aus zwei getrennten Anteilen! Man sagt gelegentlich, H macht bei 0 einen Sprung und nennt die Heaviside-Funktion deshalb auch eine Treppenfunktion. Interessanterweise lassen sich allein aus ihr alle weiteren Treppenfunktionen konstruieren. Einige Beispiele dazu kann man  bereits durch Funktionen des Typs</p>
<div>
<math xmlns='http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML' display='inline'>
 <mstyle displaystyle='true'><semantics>
  <mrow>
   <mi>f</mi><mo>=</mo><mi>a</mi><mspace width='0.1em'/><mi mathvariant='normal'>H</mi><mo stretchy='false'>(</mo><mi mathvariant='normal'>X</mi><mo>&#x2212;</mo><mi>b</mi><mo stretchy='false'>)</mo><mo>+</mo><mi>c</mi>
  </mrow>
 <annotation encoding='MathType-MTEF'>
 MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFepeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamOzaiabg2da9iaadggacaWGibGaaiikaiaadIfacqGHsislcaWGIbGaaiykaiabgUcaRiaadogaaaa@3F60@</annotation>
</semantics></mstyle>
</math>
</div>
<p>selbst erzeugen.</p>
<div><span class="inf" style="white-space:normal" onmouseover="if(active10==0){position('tip10','tab10',event.clientX,event.clientY); document.getElementById('tip10').className='tooltip_v'; if(!b)document.getElementById('tip10').className='tooltip_v_noopac'};active10=1">
<img class="inf" style="margin-left:3px; margin-right:3px" src="../info.gif" width="10" height="10"/></span>
<span id="tip10" class="tooltip_h" style="white-space:normal">
<table id="tab10" border="0" style="width:160px" ><tr><td colspan="2" onmousedown="x0=event.clientX;y0=event.clientY;fix('tip10')" onmouseup="drag=0" style="border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-color:blue; font-family:monospace"><p style="cursor: move; color:blue; margin-top:-5px; margin-bottom:0px; size:12pt; font-weight:bold">&#160;i</p><span style="float: right; margin-top:-15px"><img title="opacity on/off" style="margin-right:10px" onclick="opac_change();" src="../opacity-off.gif" width="10" height="10"/><img onclick="active10=0;document.getElementById('tip10').className='tooltip_h'" src="../close.gif" width="10" height="10"/></span></td></tr>
<tr><td valign="bottom" style="padding-bottom:0px;padding-top:0px">
<p style="margin-bottom:10px; margin-top:10px">
<math xmlns='http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML' display='inline' id='eq10'>
 <mstyle displaystyle='true' mathcolor='blue'><semantics>
  <mrow>
   <mo id='109'>+</mo><mn id='100'>3</mn><mspace width='0.1em'/><mi mathvariant='normal' id='101'>H</mi><mo stretchy='false' id='102'>(</mo><mi mathvariant='normal' id='103'>X</mi><mo id='104'>&#x2212;</mo><mn id='105'>7</mn><mo stretchy='false' id='106'>)</mo><mo id='107'>+</mo><mn id='108'>4</mn>
   <mphantom><mo>)</mo></mphantom>
  </mrow>
 <annotation encoding='MathType-MTEF'>
 MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFepeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaaG4maiaadIeacaGGOaGaamiwaiabgkHiTiaaiEdacaGGPaGaey4kaSIaaGinaaaa@3CF6@</annotation>
</semantics></mstyle>
</math>
</p>
</td><td width="28%" valign="bottom">
<p style="color:'#404040'; font-size:11px; font-family:monospace; margin-bottom:10px">Sprungstelle:<br/><span id="e10">0</span></p>
</td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2">
<p style="white-space:normal; margin-top:0px"><applet name="Graph10" id="Graph10" code="Graph.class" width="600px" height="250px">
	    <param name="func" value="Heavisidefunktion"/>
	    <param name="xL" value="400"/>
	    <param name="yL" value="250"/>
	    <param name="la" value="de"/>
	    It looks like you don't have Java installed, please go to www.java.com</applet></p>
</td></tr></table>
</span><br/>&#160;
</div>
<p>Schließlich beachte man: H ist keine konstante Funktion, denn der Wertebereich von H enthält zwei Elemente.</p>
</li>
</ul>
<p>Die Heaviside-Funktion ist ein spezielles Beispiel einer zu einer Menge gehörenden <i>Indikatorfunktion</i> oder, wie man auch sagt, <i>charakteristischen Funktion</i>. Indikatorfunktionen nehmen nur die Werte 0 und 1 an, und zwar den Wert 1 genau dann, wenn ein Element <i>x</i> der vorgelegten Menge ansteht. Für eine Teilmenge <math xmlns='http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML' display='inline'>
 <mstyle displaystyle='true'><semantics>
  <mrow>
   <mi>A</mi><mo>&#x2282;</mo><mi>M</mi>
  </mrow>
 <annotation encoding='MathType-MTEF'>
 MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFepeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamyqaiabgkOimlaad2eaaaa@397C@</annotation>
</semantics></mstyle>
</math> definieren wir also:</p>
<p>Die Funktion <math xmlns='http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML' display='inline'>
 <mstyle displaystyle='true'><semantics>
  <mrow><mspace height='20px'/>
   <msub>
    <mi mathsize='14pt' mathvariant='normal'>&#x03C7;</mi>
    <mi>A</mi>
   </msub>
   <mo>:</mo><mi>M</mi><mo>&#x2192;</mo><mi>&#x211D;</mi>
  </mrow>
 <annotation encoding='MathType-MTEF'>
 MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFepeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaeq4Xdm2aaSbaaSqaaiaadgeaaeqaaOGaaiOoaiaad2eacqGHsgIRcqWIDesOaaa@3D88@</annotation>
</semantics></mstyle>
</math> gegeben duch</p>
<table><tr><td class="def">
<div>
<math xmlns='http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML' display='inline'>
 <mstyle displaystyle='true'><semantics>
  <mrow>
   <msub>
    <mi mathsize='14pt' mathvariant='normal'>&#x03C7;</mi>
    <mi>A</mi>
   </msub>
   <mo stretchy='false'>(</mo><mi>x</mi><mo stretchy='false'>)</mo><mo lspace='0.2em' rspace='0.2em' fontsize='13pt'>&#x2254;</mo><mrow><mo>{</mo> <mrow>
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      <mtd columnalign='left'>
       <mrow>
        <mn>1,</mn><mtext>&#160;falls&#160;</mtext><mi>x</mi><mo>&#x2208;</mo><mi>A</mi>
       </mrow>
      </mtd>
     </mtr>
     <mtr columnalign='left'>
      <mtd columnalign='left'>
       <mrow>
        <mn>0,</mn><mtext>&#160;falls&#160;</mtext><mi>x</mi><mo>&#x2209;</mo><mi>A</mi>
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   </mrow> </mrow>
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</div></td><td class="num" width="80px">
<span class="num"><a name="14">[4.2.14]</a></span></td></tr></table>
<p>heißt <u>charakteristische Funktion</u> (oder <u>Indikatorfunktion</u>) zu <i>A</i>. Verwendet man den Begriff Indikatorfunktion, so ist das Symbol <math xmlns='http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML' display='inline'>
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</math> gebräuchlicher.</p>
<p>So ist z.B. die Heavisidefunktion eine Indikatorfunktion, nämlich die zu <math xmlns='http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML' display='inline'>
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  <mrow>
   <msup>
    <mi>&#x211D;</mi>
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</math>: &#160;<math xmlns='http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML' display='inline'>
 <mstyle displaystyle='true'><semantics>
  <mrow>
   <mi mathvariant='normal'>H</mi><mo>=</mo><msub>
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      <mi>&#x211D;</mi>
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</math>. Aber auch die konstanten Funktionen 0 und 1 lassen sich als Indikatorfunktionen darstellen: 
</p>
<div>
<math xmlns='http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML' display='inline'>
 <mstyle displaystyle='true'><semantics>
  <mrow>
   <mn>0</mn><mo>=</mo><msub>
    <mi mathsize='14pt' mathvariant='normal'>&#x03C7;</mi>
    <mo>&#x2205;</mo>
   </msub>
   <mtext>&#160; und &#160;</mtext><mn>1</mn><mo>=</mo><msub>
    <mi mathsize='14pt' mathvariant='normal'>&#x03C7;</mi>
    <mi>&#x211D;</mi>
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  </mrow>
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</math>.
</div>
<p>Eine sehr interessante Indikatorfunktion ist <math xmlns='http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML' display='inline'>
 <mstyle displaystyle='true'><semantics>
  <mrow>
   <msub>
    <mi mathsize='14pt' mathvariant='normal'>&#x03C7;</mi>
    <mi>&#x211A;</mi>
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  </mrow>
 <annotation encoding='MathType-MTEF'>
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</math>, die charkteristische Funktion zur Menge der rationalen Zahlen <math xmlns='http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML' display='inline'>
 <mstyle displaystyle='true'><semantics>
  <mi>&#x211A;</mi>
 <annotation encoding='MathType-MTEF'>
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</math>. Obwohl ihr Graph eine Teilmenge von <math xmlns='http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML' display='inline'>
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  <mrow>
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    <mi>&#x211D;</mi>
    <mn>2</mn>
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</math> ist, gelingt eine graphische Darstellung nicht! Denn an jeder rationalen Stelle <i>x</i> muss ein Punkt in Höhe 1 gezeichnet werden; da aber die rationalen Zahlen dicht in <math xmlns='http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML' display='inline'>
 <mstyle displaystyle='true'><semantics>
  <mi>&#x211D;</mi>
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</math> liegen, entsteht eine Waagerechte, die sich optisch nicht von der Konstanten 1 unterscheidet. Genauso aber muß für jede irrationale Zahl ein Punkt in Höhe 0 gezeichnet werden. Auch hier entsteht wegen der Dichtheit der irrationalen Zahlen eine Waagerechte, die sich nicht sichtbar von der <span><i>x</i>-Achse</span> unterscheidet, so dass der Graph von <math xmlns='http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML' display='inline'>
 <mstyle displaystyle='true'><semantics>
  <mrow>
   <msub>
    <mi mathsize='14pt' mathvariant='normal'>&#x03C7;</mi>
    <mi>&#x211A;</mi>
   </msub>
   
  </mrow>
 <annotation encoding='MathType-MTEF'>
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</math> bestenfalls aus zwei parallelen Geraden besteht. Damit aber täuscht er eine Doppeldeutigkeit der Funktionswerte vor, die keine Funktion zulässt.</p>
</span>

<!--######################################-->


<!--######################################-->
<span id="d6" style="white-space:normal; display:none">
<p>Die Funktionen dieser Gruppe treten oft bei Programmieraufgaben auf (ihre Namen stammen direkt aus der Sprache Java!), wenn es z.B. darum geht, einer Gleitkommazahl (d.h. einer Dezimalzahl) einen geeigneten Integer-Wert (eine ganze Zahl) zuzuordnen. Hier werden drei Varianten vorgestellt:</p>
<ul style="color:grey">
<li>
<p style="color:black">Das Abschneiden der Nachkommastellen, "auf den Boden setzen".</p>
</li>
<li>
<p style="color:black">Das Auffüllen zur nächsten ganzen Zahl, "an die Decke hängen".</p>
</li>
<li>
<p style="color:black">Das übliche Runden.</p>
</li>
</ul>
<p>Wir führen alle drei Funktionen gemeinsam ein.</p>
<ul type="square">
<li>
<p>Die Funktionen <math xmlns='http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML' display='inline'>
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  <mrow>
   <mtext>ceil</mtext><mtext>, floor</mtext><mtext>, round</mtext><mo>:</mo><mi>&#x211D;</mi><mo>&#x2192;</mo><mi>&#x211D;</mi>
  </mrow>
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</math> gegeben durch</p>
<table style="margin-left:-40px"><tr><td class="def">
<div>
<math xmlns='http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML' display='inline'>
 <mstyle displaystyle='true'><semantics>
  <mrow>
   <mtable columnalign='left'>
    <mtr columnalign='left'>
     <mtd columnalign='left'>
      <mrow>
       <mtext>ceil</mtext><mo stretchy='false' lspace='0.1em'>(</mo><mi>x</mi><mo stretchy='false'>)</mo><mo lspace='0.2em' rspace='0.2em' fontsize='13pt'>&#x2254;</mo><mi>min</mi><mo>&#x2061;</mo><mo>&#x007B;</mo><mi>n</mi><mo>&#x2208;</mo><mi>&#x2124;</mi><mo stretchy='false' lspace='0.2em' rspace='0.2em'>&#x007C;</mo><mi>n</mi><mo>&#x2265;</mo><mi>x</mi><mo>&#x007D;</mo>
      </mrow>
     </mtd>
    </mtr>
    <mtr columnalign='left'>
     <mtd columnalign='left'>
      <mrow>
       <mtext>floor</mtext><mo stretchy='false' lspace='0.1em'>(</mo><mi>x</mi><mo stretchy='false'>)</mo><mo lspace='0.2em' rspace='0.2em' fontsize='13pt'>&#x2254;</mo><mi>max</mi><mo>&#x2061;</mo><mo>&#x007B;</mo><mi>n</mi><mo>&#x2208;</mo><mi>&#x2124;</mi><mo stretchy='false' lspace='0.2em' rspace='0.2em'>&#x007C;</mo><mi>n</mi><mo>&#x2264;</mo><mi>x</mi><mo>&#x007D;</mo>
      </mrow>
     </mtd>
    </mtr>
    <mtr columnalign='left'>
     <mtd columnalign='left'>
      <mrow>
       <mtext>round</mtext><mo stretchy='false' lspace='0.1em'>(</mo><mi>x</mi><mo stretchy='false'>)</mo><mo lspace='0.2em' rspace='0.2em' fontsize='13pt'>&#x2254;</mo><mtext>floor</mtext><mo stretchy='false'>(</mo><mi>x</mi><mo>+</mo><mn>0.5</mn><mo stretchy='false'>)</mo>
      </mrow>
     </mtd>
    </mtr>
    
   </mtable>
  </mrow>
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</math>
</div></td><td class="num" width="80px">
<span class="num"><a name="15">[4.2.15]</a></span></td></tr></table>
<p>heißen die <u>ceiling-Funktion</u>, die <u>floor-Funktion</u> und die <u>round-Funktion</u>. So ist z.B.</p>
<div><center>
<table border="0" style="width:70%; text-align:center; border-collapse:collapse">
<tr>
<td style="border-bottom:1px solid darkgrey"><i>x</i></td>
<td style="border-bottom:1px solid darkgrey"><math xmlns='http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML' display='inline'>
 <mstyle displaystyle='true'><semantics>
  <mrow>
   <mtext>ceil</mtext><mo stretchy='false' lspace='0.1em'>(</mo><mi>x</mi><mo stretchy='false'>)</mo>
  </mrow>
 <annotation encoding='MathType-MTEF'>
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</semantics></mstyle>
</math></td>
<td style="border-bottom:1px solid darkgrey"><math xmlns='http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML' display='inline'>
 <mstyle displaystyle='true'><semantics>
  <mrow>
   <mtext>floor</mtext><mo stretchy='false' lspace='0.1em'>(</mo><mi>x</mi><mo stretchy='false'>)</mo>
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</math></td>
<td style="border-bottom:1px solid darkgrey"><math xmlns='http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML' display='inline'>
 <mstyle displaystyle='true'><semantics>
  <mrow>
   <mtext>round</mtext><mo stretchy='false' lspace='0.1em'>(</mo><mi>x</mi><mo stretchy='false'>)</mo>
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</math></td>
<td style="border-bottom:1px solid darkgrey"><math xmlns='http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML' display='inline'>
 <mstyle displaystyle='true'><semantics>
  <mrow>
   <msub>
    <mrow>
     <mtext>round</mtext>
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    <mn>2</mn>
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   <mo stretchy='false'>(</mo><mi>x</mi><mo stretchy='false'>)</mo>
  </mrow>
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</math></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="20px"><form><input style="font-family:monospace; font-size:11pt; color:blue; text-align:center; border-width:0px" onkeyup="cfr();" id='cfr0' type="text" name="T1" size="10" value="3.526"/>
</form></td>
<td valign="baseline"><span style="font-family:monospace; font-size:11pt" id='cfr1'>4</span></td>
<td valign="baseline"><span style="font-family:monospace; font-size:11pt" id='cfr2'>3</span></td>
<td valign="baseline"><span style="font-family:monospace; font-size:11pt" id='cfr3'>4</span></td>
<td valign="baseline"><span style="font-family:monospace; font-size:11pt" id='cfr4'>3.53</span></td>
</tr>
</table></center>
</div>
<p>Alle drei Funktionen haben per Definition nur ganzzahlige Funktionswerte, ihr Wertebereich ist also eine Teilmenge von <math xmlns='http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML' display='inline'>
 <mstyle displaystyle='true'><semantics>
  <mi>&#x2124;</mi>
 <annotation encoding='MathType-MTEF'>
 MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFepeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaeSijHikaaa@3760@</annotation>
</semantics></mstyle>
</math> und, da <math xmlns='http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML' display='inline'>
 <mstyle displaystyle='true'><semantics>
  <mrow>
   <mtext>ceil</mtext><mo stretchy='false' lspace='0.1em'>(</mo><mi>n</mi><mo stretchy='false'>)</mo><mo>=</mo><mtext>floor</mtext><mo stretchy='false' lspace='0.1em'>(</mo><mi>n</mi><mo stretchy='false'>)</mo><mo>=</mo><mtext>round</mtext><mo stretchy='false' lspace='0.1em'>(</mo><mi>n</mi><mo stretchy='false'>)</mo><mo>=</mo><mi>n</mi>
  </mrow>
 <annotation encoding='MathType-MTEF'>
 MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFepeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaae4yaiaabwgacaqGPbGaaeiBaiaacIcacaWGUbGaaiykaiabg2da9iaabAgacaqGSbGaae4Baiaab+gacaqGYbGaaiikaiaad6gacaGGPaGaeyypa0JaaeOCaiaab+gacaqG1bGaaeOBaiaabsgacaGGOaGaamOBaiaacMcacqGH9aqpcaWGUbaaaa@4DE2@</annotation>
</semantics></mstyle>
</math> für jedes <i>n</i>, sogar gleich <math xmlns='http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML' display='inline'>
 <mstyle displaystyle='true'><semantics>
  <mi>&#x2124;</mi>
 <annotation encoding='MathType-MTEF'>
 MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFepeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaeSijHikaaa@3760@</annotation>
</semantics></mstyle>
</math>.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>Mit Hilfe der round-Funktion kann man auch das "Runden auf <i>n</i> Stellen nach dem Komma" einführen. Dazu setzen wir für <math xmlns='http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML' display='inline'>
 <mstyle displaystyle='true'><semantics>
  <mrow>
   <mi>n</mi><mo>&#x2208;</mo><mi>&#x2115;</mi>
  </mrow>
 <annotation encoding='MathType-MTEF'>
 MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFepeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamOBaiabgIGiolablwriLcaa@39CB@</annotation>
</semantics></mstyle>
</math></p>
<div>
<math xmlns='http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML' display='inline'>
 <mstyle displaystyle='true'><semantics>
  <mrow>
   <msub>
    <mrow>
     <mtext>round</mtext>
    </mrow>
    <mi>n</mi>
   </msub>
   <mo stretchy='false' lspace='0.1em'>(</mo><mi>x</mi><mo stretchy='false'>)</mo><mo lspace='0.2em' rspace='0.2em' fontsize='13pt'>&#x2254;</mo><mfrac>
    <mn>1</mn>
    <mrow>
     <msup>
      <mrow>
       <mn>10</mn>
      </mrow>
      <mi>n</mi>
     </msup>
     
    </mrow>
   </mfrac>
   <mtext>round</mtext><mo stretchy='false' lspace='0.1em'>(</mo><msup>
    <mrow>
     <mn>10</mn>
    </mrow>
    <mi>n</mi>
   </msup>
   <mo>&#x22C5;</mo><mi>x</mi><mo stretchy='false'>)</mo>
  </mrow>
 <annotation encoding='MathType-MTEF'>
 MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFepeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaaeOCaiaab+gacaqG1bGaaeOBaiaabsgadaWgaaWcbaGaamOBaaqabaGccaGGOaGaamiEaiaacMcacqGH9aqpdaWcaaqaaiaaigdaaeaacaaIXaGaaGimamaaCaaaleqabaGaamOBaaaaaaGccaqGYbGaae4BaiaabwhacaqGUbGaaeizaiaacIcacaaIXaGaaGimamaaCaaaleqabaGaamOBaaaakiabgwSixlaadIhacaGGPaaaaa@4E84@</annotation>
</semantics></mstyle>
</math>.<br/>&#160;
</div>
</li>
<li>
<p>floor ist ein neuerer Name für die altbekannte <u>Gauß-Funktion</u>. Verwendet man diesen Namen, so benutzt man die <i>Gaußklammer</i> &#160;<math xmlns='http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML' display='inline'>
 <mstyle displaystyle='true'><semantics>
  <mrow>
   <mo stretchy='false' mathsize='14pt'>[</mo><mi mathvariant='normal'>X</mi><mo stretchy='false' mathsize='14pt'>]</mo>
  </mrow>
 <annotation encoding='MathType-MTEF'>
 MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFepeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaai4waiaadIfacaGGDbaaaa@3885@</annotation>
</semantics></mstyle>
</math> als Funktionssymbol. <math xmlns='http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML' display='inline'>
 <mstyle displaystyle='true'><semantics>
  <mrow>
   <mo stretchy='false'>[</mo><mi>x</mi><mo stretchy='false'>]</mo>
  </mrow>
 <annotation encoding='MathType-MTEF'>
 MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFepeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaai4waiaadIhacaGGDbaaaa@38A5@</annotation>
</semantics></mstyle>
</math> ist also eine alternative Schreibweise zu <math xmlns='http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML' display='inline'>
 <mstyle displaystyle='true'><semantics>
  <mrow>
   <mtext>floor</mtext><mo stretchy='false' lspace='0.1em'>(</mo><mi>x</mi><mo stretchy='false'>)</mo>
  </mrow>
 <annotation encoding='MathType-MTEF'>
 MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFepeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaaeOzaiaabYgacaqGVbGaae4BaiaabkhacaGGOaGaamiEaiaacMcaaaa@3CEF@</annotation>
</semantics></mstyle>
</math>:</p>
<div>
<math xmlns='http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML' display='inline'>
 <mstyle displaystyle='true'><semantics>
  <mrow>
   <mtext>floor</mtext><mo stretchy='false' lspace='0.1em'>(</mo><mi>x</mi><mo stretchy='false'>)</mo><mo>=</mo><mo stretchy='false'>[</mo><mi>x</mi><mo stretchy='false'>]</mo>
  </mrow>
 <annotation encoding='MathType-MTEF'>
 MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFepeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaaeOzaiaabYgacaqGVbGaae4BaiaabkhacaGGOaGaamiEaiaacMcacqGH9aqpcaGGBbGaamiEaiaac2faaaa@40B2@</annotation>
</semantics></mstyle>
</math>.
</div>
<p>Der Graph von <math xmlns='http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML' display='inline'>
 <mstyle displaystyle='true'><semantics>
  <mrow>
   <mo stretchy='false' mathsize='14pt'>[</mo><mi mathvariant='normal'>X</mi><mo stretchy='false' mathsize='14pt'>]</mo>
  </mrow>
 <annotation encoding='MathType-MTEF'>
 MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFepeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaai4waiaadIfacaGGDbaaaa@3885@</annotation>
</semantics></mstyle>
</math> ist ebenfalls eine Treppenfunktion, jedoch eine mit unendlich vielen Stufen! Dabei lassen sich z.B. Schrittweite und Stufenhöhe noch variieren, wenn man Funktionen der Form</p>
<div>
<math xmlns='http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML' display='inline'>
 <mstyle displaystyle='true'><semantics>
  <mrow>
   <mi>f</mi><mo>=</mo><mi>a</mi><mo stretchy='false' mathsize='14pt'>[</mo><mi>b</mi><mi mathvariant='normal'>X</mi><mo>&#x2212;</mo><mi>c</mi><mo stretchy='false' mathsize='14pt'>]</mo><mo>+</mo><mi>d</mi>
  </mrow>
 <annotation encoding='MathType-MTEF'>
 MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFepeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbiqaaWNdcaWGMbGaeyypa0JaamyyaiaacUfacaWGIbGaamiwaiabgkHiTiaadogacaGGDbGaey4kaSIaamizaaaa@4070@</annotation>
</semantics></mstyle>
</math>
</div>
<p>betrachtet.</p>
<div>
<span class="inf" style="white-space:normal" onmouseover="if(active11==0){position('tip11','tab11',event.clientX,event.clientY-200); document.getElementById('tip11').className='tooltip_v'; if(!b)document.getElementById('tip11').className='tooltip_v_noopac'};active11=1">
<img class="inf" style="margin-left:3px; margin-right:3px" src="../info.gif" width="10" height="10"/></span>
<span id="tip11" class="tooltip_h" style="white-space:normal">
<table id="tab11" border="0" style="width:160px" ><tr><td onmousedown="x0=event.clientX;y0=event.clientY;fix('tip11')" onmouseup="drag=0" style="border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-color:blue; font-family:monospace"><p style="cursor: move; color:blue; margin-top:-5px; margin-bottom:0px; size:12pt; font-weight:bold">&#160;i</p><span style="float: right; margin-top:-15px"><img title="opacity on/off" style="margin-right:10px" onclick="opac_change();" src="../opacity-off.gif" width="10" height="10"/><img onclick="active11=0;document.getElementById('tip11').className='tooltip_h'" src="../close.gif" width="10" height="10"/></span></td></tr>
<tr><td valign="bottom" style="padding-bottom:0px;padding-top:0px">
<p style="margin-bottom:10px; margin-top:10px">
<math xmlns='http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML' display='inline' id='eq11'>
 <mstyle displaystyle='true' mathcolor='blue'><semantics>
  <mrow>
   <mo id='110'>&#x2212;</mo><mn id='111'>3</mn><mo stretchy='false' mathsize='14pt' id='112'>[</mo><mo id='113'>&#x2212;</mo><mn id='114'>4</mn><mi mathvariant='normal' id='115'>X</mi><mo id='116'>&#x2212;</mo><mn id='117'>7</mn><mo stretchy='false' mathsize='14pt' id='118'>]</mo><mo id='119'>+</mo><mn id='120'>1</mn>
  <mphantom><mo mathsize='14pt'>[</mo></mphantom>
  </mrow>
 <annotation encoding='MathType-MTEF'>
 MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFepeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbiqaaWNdcqGHsislcaaIZaGaai4waiabgkHiTiaaisdacaWGybGaeyOeI0IaaG4naiaac2facqGHRaWkcaaIXaaaaa@3FB2@</annotation>
</semantics></mstyle>
</math>
</p>
</td></tr>
<tr><td>
<p style="white-space:normal; margin-top:0px"><applet name="Graph11" id="Graph11" code="Graph.class" width="600px" height="350px">
	    <param name="func" value="Gaussfunktion"/>
	    <param name="xL" value="400"/>
	    <param name="yL" value="350"/>
	    <param name="la" value="de"/>
	    It looks like you don't have Java installed, please go to www.java.com</applet></p>
</td></tr></table>
</span>
</div>
</li>
</ul>
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<td id="z1u" onclick="sel(1,7)" style="background-image:url(pointeru.gif); background-repeat:no-repeat; background-position: top center; width:90px; border:0px solid gray"><p id="c1u" style="margin-top:5px; margin-bottom:5px;text-align:center; cursor:pointer; font-weight:bold">Lineare Funktionen</p></td>
<td id="z7u" onclick="sel(7,7)" style="background-image:url(); background-repeat:no-repeat; background-position: top center; width:80px; border:0px solid gray"><p id="c7u" style="margin-top:5px; margin-bottom:5px;text-align:center; cursor:pointer; color:gray">Potenz-<br/>funktionen</p></td>
<td id="z2u" onclick="sel(2,7)" style="background-image:url(); background-repeat:no-repeat; background-position: top center; width:77px; border:0px solid gray"><p id="c2u" style="margin-top:5px; margin-bottom:5px;text-align:center; cursor:pointer; color:gray">Kehrwert-<br/>funktion</p></td>
<td id="z3u" onclick="sel(3,7)" style="background-image:url(); background-repeat:no-repeat; background-position: top center; width:72px; border:0px solid gray"><p id="c3u" style="margin-top:5px; margin-bottom:5px;text-align:center; cursor:pointer; color:gray">Wurzel-<br/>funktion</p></td>
<td id="z4u" onclick="sel(4,7)" style="background-image:url(); background-repeat:no-repeat; background-position: top center; width:77px; border:0px solid gray"><p id="c4u" style="margin-top:5px; margin-bottom:5px;text-align:center; cursor:pointer; color:gray">Betrags-<br/>funktion</p></td>
<td id="z5u" onclick="sel(5,7)" style="background-image:url(); background-repeat:no-repeat; background-position: top center; width:77px; border:0px solid gray"><p id="c5u" style="margin-top:5px; margin-bottom:5px;text-align:center; cursor:pointer; color:gray">Heaviside-<br/>Funktion</p></td>
<td id="z6u" onclick="sel(6,7)" style="background-image:url(); background-repeat:no-repeat; background-position: top center; width:72px; border:0px solid gray"><p id="c6u" style="margin-top:5px; margin-bottom:5px;text-align:center; cursor:pointer; color:gray">ceiling<br/>floor<br/>round</p></td>
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  <tr>
    <td><hr noshade="noshade" size="1"/></td>
    <td width="2%" align="right"><img style="margin-left:3pt" src="http://www.mathproject.de/cgi-std/count.pl?c=42;d=tiny"/></td>
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<p>
<table border="0" width="100%" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0">
  <tr>
    <td width="33%" align="left"><a href="4_1.xml" title="Einführung">4.1. <img border="0" src="backl.gif" width="7" height="12"/></a></td>
    <td width="33%" align="center">
  <a href="funktionen.htm#Teil2"><img width="16" height="16" border="0" src="back1.gif"/></a>
    </td>
    <td width="34%" align="right"><a href="4_3.xml" title="Die trigonometrischen Funktionen"><img border="0" src="backr.gif" width="7" height="12"/> 4.3.</a></td>
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