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<p><u><b>Definition:</b></u> &#160;</p>

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<span class="num"><a name="1">[7.3.1]</a></span></td></tr></table>

<p class="beweis"><i>Beweis</i>: &#160;<br/>
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<h1>8.4. <i>Flächenmessung</i></h1>
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<p>Gelegentlich lassen Integrale eine interessante geometrische Interpretation zu. Die folgenden drei Beispiele zeigen jeweils auch eine Skizze des Integranden.
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<p>Die errechneten Integrale stimmen in allen drei Fällen (Rechteck, Dreieck, Halbkreis) mit Flächenmaßzahlen überein, die aus der Elementargeometrie bekannt sind. Die von der <i>x</i>-Achse begrenzten Flächen, so zeigen es die Skizzen, liegen dabei unterhalb des Integranden <i>f</i>, sie werden gewissermaßen von der "Randfunktion" <i>f</i> im Integrationsintervall erzeugt.</p>
<p>Diese Übereinstimmung zwischen Flächenmaßzahlen und Integralen weckt die Hoffnung, mit Hilfe der Integrale auch weitere,  krummlinig begrenzte Flächen berechnen zu können, also auch solche, zu denen die Elementargeometrie keine Formeln liefert! Die folgende Überlegung unterstützt diesen Gedanken.</p>
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   <mi>f</mi><mo>&#x2208;</mo><mi mathvariant='script'>I</mi><mo stretchy='false'>(</mo><mo stretchy='false' rspace='0.1em' lspace='0.1em'>[</mo><mi>a</mi><mo>,</mo><mi>b</mi><mo stretchy='false' lspace='0.1em' rspace='0.1em'>]</mo><mo stretchy='false'>)</mo>
  </mrow>
 <annotation encoding='MathType-MTEF'>
 MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamOzaiabgIGiolaadMeacaGGOaGaai4waiaadggacaGGSaGaamOyaiaac2facaGGPaaaaa@3EBF@</annotation>
</semantics></mstyle>
</math> eine positive, integrierbare Funktion. Für ein beliebiges <math xmlns='http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML' display='inline'>
 <mstyle displaystyle='true'><semantics>
  <mrow>
   <mi>n</mi><mo>&#x2208;</mo><msup>
    <mi>&#x2115;</mi>
    <mo>&#x2217;</mo>
   </msup>
   
  </mrow>
 <annotation encoding='MathType-MTEF'>
 MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamOBaiabgIGiolablwriLoaaCaaaleqabaGaey4fIOcaaaaa@3AEB@</annotation>
</semantics></mstyle>
</math> unterteilen wir zunächst das Integrationsintervall <math xmlns='http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML' display='inline'>
 <mstyle displaystyle='true'><semantics>
  <mrow>
   <mo stretchy='false' rspace='0.1em'>[</mo><mi>a</mi><mo>,</mo><mi>b</mi><mo stretchy='false' lspace='0.1em'>]</mo>
  </mrow>
 <annotation encoding='MathType-MTEF'>
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</math> in <i>n</i> viele Teilintervalle (und benennen dabei zweckmäßigerweise die Eckpunkte <i>a</i> und <i>b</i> um):</p>

<p style="text-align: center"><img border="0" src="intervall.gif" width="431" height="52"/></p>

<p>Da Integrale beliebig aufgesplittet werden können, erhält man unter Anwendung des Mittelwertsatzes <a class="ref" href="8_2.xml#8" target="blank">[8.2.8]</a> die folgende Berechnungsmöglichkeit:</p>
<div>
<math xmlns='http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML' display='inline'>
 <mstyle displaystyle='true'><semantics>
  <mrow>
   <mrow><munderover>
    <mo stretchy='true'>&#x222B;</mo>
    <mi>a</mi>
    <mi>b</mi>
   </munderover>
   <mi>f</mi>
  </mrow>
  <mo lspace='0.3em' rspace='0.3em'>=</mo><munderover>
   <mo stretchy='false'>&#x2211;</mo>
   <mrow>
    <mi>i</mi><mo>=</mo><mn>1</mn>
   </mrow>
   <mi>n</mi>
  </munderover>
  <mrow>
   <mrow><munderover>
    <mo stretchy='true'>&#x222B;</mo>
    <mrow>
     <msub>
      <mi>x</mi>
      <mrow>
       <mi>i</mi><mo>&#x2212;</mo><mn>1</mn>
      </mrow>
     </msub>
     
    </mrow>
    <mrow>
     <msub>
      <mi>x</mi>
      <mi>i</mi>
     </msub>
     
    </mrow>
   </munderover>
   <mi>f</mi>
  </mrow>
  
 </mrow>
 <mo lspace='0.3em' rspace='0.3em'>=</mo><munderover>
  <mo stretchy='false'>&#x2211;</mo>
  <mrow>
   <mi>i</mi><mo>=</mo><mn>1</mn>
  </mrow>
  <mi>n</mi>
 </munderover>
 <mrow>
  <mi>f</mi><mo stretchy='false'>(</mo><msub>
   <mover accent='true'>
    <mi>x</mi>
    <mo>&#x02DC;</mo>
   </mover>
   
   <mi>i</mi>
  </msub>
  <mo stretchy='false'>)</mo><mo lspace='0.1em' rspace='0.1em'>&#x22C5;</mo><mo stretchy='false'>(</mo><msub>
   <mi>x</mi>
   <mi>i</mi>
  </msub>
  <mo>&#x2212;</mo><msub>
   <mi>x</mi>
   <mrow>
    <mi>i</mi><mo>&#x2212;</mo><mn>1</mn>
   </mrow>
  </msub>
  <mo stretchy='false'>)</mo>
 </mrow>
 
</mrow>
<annotation encoding='MathType-MTEF'>
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</semantics></mstyle>
</math><span class="num" style="margin-left:50px"><a name="a1">[1]</a></span>
</div>
<p>Jeder der dabei auftretenden Summanden ist ein Produkt, und zwar aus der Länge des jeweiligen Teilintervalls und einem geeigneten Funktionswert von <i>f</i>. Da <i>f</i> positiv ist, können wir dieses Produkt als Maß eines Rechteckstreifens deuten, das Integral selbst damit also als eine Summe von Rechteckmaßen.</p>
<p>Die folgende Skizze zeigt die Funktion <math xmlns='http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML' display='inline'>
 <mstyle displaystyle='true'><semantics>
  <mrow>
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    <mi mathvariant='normal'>X</mi>
    <mn>3</mn>
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   <mo>&#x2212;</mo><mn>1,4</mn><msup>
    <mi mathvariant='normal'>X</mi>
    <mn>2</mn>
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   <mo>+</mo><mn>3</mn><mi mathvariant='normal'>X</mi><mo>+</mo><mn>2</mn>
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</semantics></mstyle>
</math> und die von ihr in <math xmlns='http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML' display='inline'>
 <mstyle displaystyle='true'><semantics>
  <mrow>
   <mo stretchy='false' rspace='0.1em'>[</mo><mn>0</mn><mo>,</mo><mn>6</mn><mo stretchy='false' lspace='0.1em'>]</mo>
  </mrow>
 <annotation encoding='MathType-MTEF'>
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</semantics></mstyle>
</math> erzeugte Fläche. Sie läßt sich mit dem Schieber durch die Vereinigung von Rechtecken approximieren. Die Rechteckshöhen sind dabei gemäß <a class="ref" href="#a1">[1]</a> eingestellt, so dass die Summe der Rechtecksmaße stets den Wert <span class="inf" style="white-space:normal" onmouseover="if(active0==0){position('tip0','tab0',event.clientX,event.clientY); document.getElementById('tip0').className='tooltip_v'};active0=1">
13,8<img class="inf" style="margin-left:3px; margin-right:3px" src="../info.gif" width="10" height="10"/></span>
<span id="tip0" class="tooltip_h" style="white-space:normal">
<table id="tab0" border="0" style="width:320px" ><tr><td onmousedown="x0=event.clientX;y0=event.clientY;fix('tip0')" onmouseup="drag=0" style="border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-color:blue; font-family:monospace"><p style="cursor: move; color:blue; margin-top:-5px; margin-bottom:0px; size:12pt; font-weight:bold">&#160;i</p><img onclick="active0=0;document.getElementById('tip0').className='tooltip_h'" src="../close.gif" width="10" height="10" style="float: right; margin-top:-15px"/></td></tr>
<tr><td>
<p style="white-space:normal"><math xmlns='http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML' display='inline'>
 <mstyle displaystyle='true'><semantics>
  <mrow>
   <mrow><munderover>
    <mo stretchy='true'>&#x222B;</mo>
    <mn>0</mn>
    <mn>6</mn>
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   <mi>f</mi>
  </mrow>
  <mo lspace='0.3em' rspace='0.3em'>=</mo>
  <mrow>
  <mfrac>
   <mrow>
    <mn>0,15</mn>
   </mrow>
   <mn>4</mn>
  </mfrac>
  <msup>
   <mi mathvariant='normal'>X</mi>
   <mn>4</mn>
  </msup>
  <mo>&#x2212;</mo><mfrac>
   <mrow>
    <mn>1,4</mn>
   </mrow>
   <mn>3</mn>
  </mfrac>
  <msup>
   <mi mathvariant='normal'>X</mi>
   <mn>3</mn>
  </msup>
  <mo>+</mo><mfrac>
   <mn>3</mn>
   <mn>2</mn>
  </mfrac>
  <msup>
   <mi mathvariant='normal'>X</mi>
   <mn>2</mn>
  </msup>
  <mo>+</mo><mn>2</mn><mi mathvariant='normal'>X</mi>
  <mphantom><mspace width='0pt' height='12pt'/></mphantom>
  <msubsup>
   <mo stretchy='true' lspace='0.2em' rspace='0.2em'>&#x007C;</mo>
   <mn>0</mn>
   <mn>6</mn>
  </msubsup>
  </mrow>
  <mo lspace='0.3em' rspace='0.3em'>=</mo><mn>13,8</mn>
 </mrow>
<annotation encoding='MathType-MTEF'>
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</math></p>
</td></tr></table>
</span> hat, also den Wert des Integrals über <i>f</i>.</p>

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<p><span class="num" style="color:black"><tt>Beachte</tt>:</span></p>
<ul>  
 <li>
<p>Die Reihe <math xmlns='http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML' display='inline'>
 <mstyle displaystyle='true'><semantics>
  <mrow>
   <mo stretchy='false' rspace='0.2em' fontweight='bold' fontsize='14pt' fontfamily='Courier'>(</mo><munderover>
    <mo stretchy='false'>&#x2211;</mo>
    <mrow>
     <mi>i</mi><mo>=</mo><mn>1</mn>
    </mrow>
    <mi>n</mi>
   </munderover>
   <mrow>
    <mi>f</mi><mo stretchy='false'>(</mo><msub>
     <mover accent='true'>
      <mi>x</mi>
      <mo>&#x02DC;</mo>
     </mover>
     
     <mi>i</mi>
    </msub>
    <mo stretchy='false'>)</mo><mo lspace='0.1em' rspace='0.1em'>&#x22C5;</mo><mo stretchy='false'>(</mo><msub>
     <mi>x</mi>
     <mi>i</mi>
    </msub>
    <mo>&#x2212;</mo><msub>
     <mi>x</mi>
     <mrow>
      <mi>i</mi><mo>&#x2212;</mo><mn>1</mn>
     </mrow>
    </msub>
    <mo stretchy='false'>)</mo>
   </mrow>
   <mo stretchy='false' lspace='0.2em' fontweight='bold' fontsize='14pt' fontfamily='Courier'>)</mo>
  </mrow>
 <annotation encoding='MathType-MTEF'>
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</semantics></mstyle>
</math> in <a class="ref" href="#a1">[1]</a> ist konstant, also trivialerweise konvergent gegen</p>

<div>
<math xmlns='http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML' display='inline'>
 <mstyle displaystyle='true'><semantics>
  <mrow>
   <munderover>
    <mo stretchy='false'>&#x2211;</mo>
    <mrow>
     <mi>i</mi><mo>=</mo><mn>1</mn>
    </mrow>
    <mi>&#x221E;</mi>
   </munderover>
   <mrow>
    <mi>f</mi><mo stretchy='false'>(</mo><msub>
     <mover accent='true'>
      <mi>x</mi>
      <mo>&#x02DC;</mo>
     </mover>
     
     <mi>i</mi>
    </msub>
    <mo stretchy='false'>)</mo><mo lspace='0.1em' rspace='0.1em'>&#x22C5;</mo><mo stretchy='false'>(</mo><msub>
     <mi>x</mi>
     <mi>i</mi>
    </msub>
    <mo>&#x2212;</mo><msub>
     <mi>x</mi>
     <mrow>
      <mi>i</mi><mo>&#x2212;</mo><mn>1</mn>
     </mrow>
    </msub>
    <mo stretchy='false'>)</mo>
   </mrow>
   <mo lspace='0.3em' rspace='0.3em'>=</mo><mrow><munderover>
    <mo stretchy='true'>&#x222B;</mo>
    <mi>a</mi>
    <mi>b</mi>
   </munderover>
   <mi>f</mi>
  </mrow>
  
 </mrow>
<annotation encoding='MathType-MTEF'>
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</math>.<span class="num" style="margin-left:50px"><a name="a2">[2]</a></span>
</div>
<p>In diesem Zusammenhang erklären sich die von <a href="http://www-history.mcs.st-and.ac.uk/history/Biographies/Leibniz.html" target="_blank">Leibniz</a> eingeführten Symbole <math xmlns='http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML' display='inline'>
 <mstyle displaystyle='true'><semantics>
  <mrow>
   <mrow><mo>&#x222B;</mo>
    <mrow></mrow>
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  </mrow>
 <annotation encoding='MathType-MTEF'>
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</math> und <i>dx</i>: Bei der Bildung des Grenzwerts schrumpfen die Teilintervalle <math xmlns='http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML' display='inline'>
 <mstyle displaystyle='true'><semantics>
  <mrow>
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   </msub>
   <mo>&#x2212;</mo><msub>
    <mi>x</mi>
    <mi>i</mi>
   </msub>
   <mo stretchy='false' lspace='0.1em'>]</mo>
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</math> geht in die <i>infinitesimale</i> Differenz <i>dx</i> über, für die Wahl von <math xmlns='http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML' display='inline'>
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</math> steht nur noch eine Möglichkeit, <i>x</i>, offen und das Summenzeichen <math xmlns='http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML' display='inline'>
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</math> mutiert zu <math xmlns='http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML' display='inline'>
 <mstyle displaystyle='true'><semantics>
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    <mrow></mrow>
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</math>, einem  stilisierten, lang gezogenen S. Der Grenzwert <a class="ref" href="#a2">[2]</a> wird daher <i>symbolisch</i> notiert als</p>
<div>
<math xmlns='http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML' display='inline'>
 <mstyle displaystyle='true'><semantics>
  <mrow>
   <mrow><munderover>
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    <mi>a</mi>
    <mi>b</mi>
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    <mi>f</mi><mo stretchy='false'>(</mo><mi>x</mi><mo stretchy='false'>)</mo><mtext>&#x2009;</mtext><mi>d</mi><mi>x</mi>
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</div><br/>&#160;
 </li>
</ul>

<p>Für positive Funktionen dürfen wir das Integral also auch als Flächenmaßzahl deuten. Im Allgemeinen ist dies allerdings unzulässig, denn Flächenmaßzahlen sind stets positiv, Integrale hingegen nicht immer.<img src="b3.png" width="182px" height="182px" style="float:right; border: 1px solid blue; margin:10px; margin-right:0px"/> So hat etwa die Fläche, die die Identität X im Bereich <math xmlns='http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML' display='inline'>
 <mstyle displaystyle='true'><semantics>
  <mrow>
   <mo stretchy='false' rspace='0.1em'>[</mo><mo>&#x2212;</mo><mn>1</mn><mo>,</mo><mn>1</mn><mo stretchy='false' lspace='0.1em'>]</mo>
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</math> mit der <span><i>x</i>-Achse</span> erzeugt, das Maß 1. Sie ist also nicht durch das Integral <math xmlns='http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML' display='inline'>
 <mstyle displaystyle='true'><semantics>
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  <mo>=</mo><mn>0</mn>
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</math> gegeben. Ein bloßes Integral ist daher nur in geeigneten Fällen auch eine Flächenmaßzahl. Wie aber soll man beliebige Funktionen, also auch solche mit negativen Werten, bemessen?</p>
<p>Da das Spiegeln an der <span><i>x</i>-Achse</span> "flächentreu" ist, müsste man nur diejenigen Graphenteile von <i>f</i>, die unterhalb der <span><i>x</i>-Achse</span> liegen nach oben klappen und die anderen dort lassen, wo sie sind. Dies ist aber genau der Übergang von <i>f</i> zu <math xmlns='http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML' display='inline'>
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  <mrow>
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</math>.</p>
<p><img src="b8.png" width="182px" height="115px" style="float:left; border:1px solid blue; margin-right:10px; margin-top:-10px; margin-left:0px, margin-bottom:8px"/>So wird denn auch die durch X gegebene Fläche exakt durch das Integral <math xmlns='http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML' display='inline'>
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  <mrow>
   <mrow><munderover>
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    <mn>1</mn>
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  <mo>=</mo><mn>1</mn>
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</math> berechnet.</p>

<p style="margin-top:25pt">In der folgenden Definition beschränken wir uns auf stetige Funktionen <i>f</i>. Das hat einerseits den Vorteil, dass die Integrierbarkeit von <math xmlns='http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML' display='inline'>
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  <mrow>
   <mo stretchy='false' lspace='0.2em' rspace='0.3em'>&#x007C;</mo><mi>f</mi><mo stretchy='false' lspace='0.2em' rspace='0.2em'>&#x007C;</mo>
  </mrow>
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</math> außer Frage steht, andererseits entspricht dies den anschaulichen Erwartungen, die man an den Rand einer Fläche stellt.</p>
<table class="main"><tr><td class="main">

<p><u><b>Definition:</b></u> &#160;Ist <i>f</i> eine stetige Funktion auf <math xmlns='http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML' display='inline'>
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 <annotation encoding='MathType-MTEF'>
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</math>, also <math xmlns='http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML' display='inline'>
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  <mrow>
   <mi>f</mi><mo>&#x2208;</mo><msup>
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   <mo stretchy='false' rspace='0.1em'>(</mo><mo stretchy='false' rspace='0.1em'>[</mo><mi>a</mi><mo>,</mo><mi>b</mi><mo stretchy='false' lspace='0.1em'>]</mo><mo stretchy='false' lspace='0.1em'>)</mo>
  </mrow>
 <annotation encoding='MathType-MTEF'>
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</math>, so nennen wir die Zahl</p>

<table><tr><td class="def">
 <div>
<math xmlns='http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML' display='inline'>
 <mstyle displaystyle='true'><semantics>
  <mrow>
   <msub>
    <mi>A</mi>
    <mi>f</mi>
   </msub>
   <mo stretchy='false' lspace='0.2em'>(</mo><mi>a</mi><mo>,</mo><mi>b</mi><mo stretchy='false'>)</mo><mo lspace='0.2em' rspace='0.2em' fontsize='13pt'>&#x2254;</mo><mrow><munderover>
    <mo stretchy='true'>&#x222B;</mo>
    <mi>a</mi>
    <mi>b</mi>
   </munderover>
   <mrow>
    <mo stretchy='false' lspace='0.2em' rspace='0.3em'>&#x007C;</mo><mi>f</mi><mo stretchy='false' lspace='0.2em' rspace='0.2em'>&#x007C;</mo>
   </mrow>
  </mrow>
  
 </mrow>
<annotation encoding='MathType-MTEF'>
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</math> 
 </div></td><td class="num" width="80px">
<span class="num"><a name="1">[8.4.1]</a></span></td></tr></table>
<p>die <u>Maßzahl der von <i>f</i> im Bereich <span style="letter-spacing:1.4pt">[<i>a</i>,<i>b</i>]</span> mit der <span><i>x</i>-Achse</span> erzeugten Fläche</u>.</p>
</td></tr></table>

<p>Bei der Ermittlung von Flächenmaßzahlen werden also nicht Stammfunktionen zu <i>f</i>, sondern Stammfunktionen zu <math xmlns='http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML' display='inline'>
 <mstyle displaystyle='true'><semantics>
  <mrow>
   <mo stretchy='false' lspace='0.2em' rspace='0.3em'>&#x007C;</mo><mi>f</mi><mo stretchy='false' lspace='0.2em' rspace='0.2em'>&#x007C;</mo>
  </mrow>
 <annotation encoding='MathType-MTEF'>
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</math> benötigt. Diese zusätzliche Schwierigkeit läßt sich jedoch bei stetigen Funktionen mit endlich vielen Nullstellen elegant durch das folgende 3-Schritt-Verfahren umgehen:</p>
<ol>
<li>
<p>Man errechnet in <math xmlns='http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML' display='inline'>
 <mstyle displaystyle='true'><semantics>
  <mrow>
   <mo stretchy='false' lspace='0.1em' rspace='0.1em'>]</mo><mi>a</mi><mo>,</mo><mi>b</mi><mo stretchy='false' rspace='0.1em' lspace='0.1em'>[</mo><mo>=</mo><mo stretchy='false' lspace='0.1em' rspace='0.1em'>]</mo><msub>
    <mi>x</mi>
    <mn>0</mn>
   </msub>
   <mo>,</mo><msub>
    <mi>x</mi>
    <mi>n</mi>
   </msub>
   <mo stretchy='false' rspace='0.1em' lspace='0.1em'>[</mo>
  </mrow>
 <annotation encoding='MathType-MTEF'>
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</math>&#160; <i>alle Nullstellen</i> von <i>f</i>, und ordnet sie zusammen mit <math xmlns='http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML' display='inline'>
 <mstyle displaystyle='true'><semantics>
  <mrow>
   <msub>
    <mi>x</mi>
    <mn>0</mn>
   </msub>
   
  </mrow>
 <annotation encoding='MathType-MTEF'>
 MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamiEamaaBaaaleaacaaIWaaabeaaaaa@37CF@</annotation>
</semantics></mstyle>
</math> und <math xmlns='http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML' display='inline'>
 <mstyle displaystyle='true'><semantics>
  <mrow>
   <msub>
    <mi>x</mi>
    <mi>n</mi>
   </msub>
   
  </mrow>
 <annotation encoding='MathType-MTEF'>
 MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamiEamaaBaaaleaacaWGUbaabeaaaaa@3808@</annotation>
</semantics></mstyle>
</math> an: <math xmlns='http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML' display='inline'>
 <mstyle displaystyle='true'><semantics>
  <mrow>
   <msub>
    <mi>x</mi>
    <mn>0</mn>
   </msub>
   <mo>&#x003C;</mo><msub>
    <mi>x</mi>
    <mn>1</mn>
   </msub>
   <mo>&#x003C;</mo><mo>&#x2026;</mo><mo>&#x003C;</mo><msub>
    <mi>x</mi>
    <mrow>
     <mi>n</mi><mo>&#x2212;</mo><mn>1</mn>
    </mrow>
   </msub>
   <mo>&#x003C;</mo><msub>
    <mi>x</mi>
    <mi>n</mi>
   </msub>
   
  </mrow>
 <annotation encoding='MathType-MTEF'>
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</semantics></mstyle>
</math>.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>Man errechnet <i>alle Integrale</i> der Form <math xmlns='http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML' display='inline'>
 <mstyle displaystyle='true'><semantics>
  <mrow>
   <mrow><munderover>
    <mo stretchy='true'>&#x222B;</mo>
    <mrow>
     <msub>
      <mi>x</mi>
      <mrow>
       <mi>i</mi><mo>&#x2212;</mo><mn>1</mn>
      </mrow>
     </msub>
     
    </mrow>
    <mrow>
     <msub>
      <mi>x</mi>
      <mi>i</mi>
     </msub>
     
    </mrow>
   </munderover>
   <mi>f</mi>
  </mrow>
  
 </mrow>
<annotation encoding='MathType-MTEF'>
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</math>.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>Als stetige Funktion hat <i>f</i> in allen Intervallen der Form <math xmlns='http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML' display='inline'>
 <mstyle displaystyle='true'><semantics>
  <mrow>
   <mo stretchy='false' rspace='0.1em'>[</mo><msub>
    <mi>x</mi>
    <mi>i</mi>
   </msub>
   <mo>,</mo><msub>
    <mi>x</mi>
    <mrow>
     <mi>i</mi><mo>&#x2212;</mo><mn>1</mn>
    </mrow>
   </msub>
   <mo stretchy='false' lspace='0.1em'>]</mo>
  </mrow>
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</math> ein einheitliches Vorzeichen. Hier läßt sich also die Integral- und die Betragsbildung vertauschen (siehe <a class="ref" href="8_2.xml#12" target="_blank">[8.2.12]</a>)! Die Flächenmaßzahl ergibt sich daher durch das <i>betragsmäßige Aufsummieren</i> der berechneten Integrale:</p>
<div>
<math xmlns='http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML' display='inline'>
 <mstyle displaystyle='true'><semantics>
  <mrow>
   <msub>
    <mi>A</mi>
    <mi>f</mi>
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    <mo stretchy='true'>&#x222B;</mo>
    <mrow>
     <msub>
      <mi>x</mi>
      <mn>0</mn>
     </msub>
     
    </mrow>
    <mrow>
     <msub>
      <mi>x</mi>
      <mi>n</mi>
     </msub>
     
    </mrow>
   </munderover>
   <mrow>
    <mo stretchy='false' lspace='0.2em' rspace='0.3em'>&#x007C;</mo><mi>f</mi><mo stretchy='false' lspace='0.2em' rspace='0.2em'>&#x007C;</mo>
   </mrow>
  </mrow>
  <mo rspace='0.3em' lspace='0.3em'>=</mo><munderover>
   <mo stretchy='false'>&#x2211;</mo>
   <mrow>
    <mi>i</mi><mo>=</mo><mn>1</mn>
   </mrow>
   <mi>n</mi>
  </munderover>
  <mrow>
   <mrow><munderover>
    <mo stretchy='true'>&#x222B;</mo>
    <mrow>
     <msub>
      <mi>x</mi>
      <mrow>
       <mi>i</mi><mo>&#x2212;</mo><mn>1</mn>
      </mrow>
     </msub>
     
    </mrow>
    <mrow>
     <msub>
      <mi>x</mi>
      <mi>i</mi>
     </msub>
     
    </mrow>
   </munderover>
   <mrow>
    <mo stretchy='false' lspace='0.2em' rspace='0.3em'>&#x007C;</mo><mi>f</mi><mo stretchy='false' lspace='0.2em' rspace='0.2em'>&#x007C;</mo>
   </mrow>
  </mrow>
  
 </mrow>
 <mo rspace='0.3em' lspace='0.3em'>=</mo><munderover>
  <mo stretchy='false'>&#x2211;</mo>
  <mrow>
   <mi>i</mi><mo>=</mo><mn>1</mn>
  </mrow>
  <mi>n</mi>
 </munderover>
 <mrow>
  <mo stretchy='false' lspace='0.2em' rspace='0.2em'>&#x007C;</mo><mrow><munderover>
   <mo stretchy='true'>&#x222B;</mo>
   <mrow>
    <msub>
     <mi>x</mi>
     <mrow>
      <mi>i</mi><mo>&#x2212;</mo><mn>1</mn>
     </mrow>
    </msub>
    
   </mrow>
   <mrow>
    <msub>
     <mi>x</mi>
     <mi>i</mi>
    </msub>
    
   </mrow>
  </munderover>
  <mi>f</mi>
 </mrow>
 <mo stretchy='false' lspace='0.2em' rspace='0.2em'>&#x007C;</mo>
</mrow>

</mrow>
<annotation encoding='MathType-MTEF'>
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</math>
</div>
</li>
</ol>

<table class="main"><tr><td class="main">

<p><u><b>Beispiel:</b></u> &#160;</p>
<ul type="square">
<li>
<p>Wir berechnen die Maßzahl der Fläche, die <math xmlns='http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML' display='inline'>
 <mstyle displaystyle='true'><semantics>
  <mrow>
   <msup>
    <mi mathvariant='normal'>X</mi>
    <mn>2</mn>
   </msup>
   <mo>&#x2212;</mo><mn>1</mn>
  </mrow>
 <annotation encoding='MathType-MTEF'>
 MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamiwamaaCaaaleqabaGaaGOmaaaakiabgkHiTiaaigdaaaa@3964@</annotation>
</semantics></mstyle>
</math> im Bereich <math xmlns='http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML' display='inline'>
 <mstyle displaystyle='true'><semantics>
  <mrow>
   <mo stretchy='false' rspace='0.1em'>[</mo><mo>&#x2212;</mo><mn>2</mn><mo>,</mo><mn>3</mn><mo stretchy='false' lspace='0.1em'>]</mo>
  </mrow>
 <annotation encoding='MathType-MTEF'>
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</semantics></mstyle>
</math> mit der <span><i>x</i>-Achse</span> erzeugt:</p>
<ol>
<li>
<p><math xmlns='http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML' display='inline'>
 <mstyle displaystyle='true'><semantics>
  <mrow>
   <msup>
    <mi mathvariant='normal'>X</mi>
    <mn>2</mn>
   </msup>
   <mo>&#x2212;</mo><mn>1</mn><mo stretchy='false'>(</mo><mi>x</mi><mo stretchy='false'>)</mo><mo>=</mo><mn>0</mn><mtext>&#x2003;</mtext><mo>&#x21D4;</mo><mtext>&#x2003;</mtext><mi>x</mi><mo>=</mo><mo>&#x2212;</mo><mn>1</mn><mtext>&#x2009;&#x200A;&#x200A;</mtext><mo>&#x2228;</mo><mtext>&#x2009;&#x200A;&#x200A;</mtext><mi>x</mi><mo>=</mo><mn>1</mn>
  </mrow>
 <annotation encoding='MathType-MTEF'>
 MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamiwamaaCaaaleqabaGaaGOmaaaakiabgkHiTiaaigdacaGGOaGaamiEaiaacMcacqGH9aqpcaaIWaGaaGzbVlabgsDiBlaaywW7caWG4bGaeyypa0JaeyOeI0IaaGymaiaaysW7cqGHOiI2caaMe8UaamiEaiabg2da9iaaigdaaaa@4E25@</annotation>
</semantics></mstyle>
</math>. Die Zerlegung <math xmlns='http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML' display='inline'>
 <mstyle displaystyle='true'><semantics>
  <mrow>
   <mo>&#x2212;</mo><mn>2</mn><mo>&#x003C;</mo><mo>&#x2212;</mo><mn>1</mn><mo>&#x003C;</mo><mn>1</mn><mo>&#x003C;</mo><mn>3</mn>
  </mrow>
 <annotation encoding='MathType-MTEF'>
 MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaeyOeI0IaaGOmaiabgYda8iabgkHiTiaaigdacqGH8aapcaaIXaGaeyipaWJaaG4maaaa@3DC1@</annotation>
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</math> erfordert also die Berechnung dreier Integrale, nämlich<img src="b1.png" width="191px" height="277px" style="float:right; border:1px solid blue; margin-left:10px; margin-top:-10px; margin-right:20px"/></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><math xmlns='http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML' display='inline'>
 <mstyle displaystyle='true'><semantics>
  <mrow>
   <mrow><munderover>
    <mo stretchy='true'>&#x222B;</mo>
    <mrow>
     <mo>&#x2212;</mo><mn>2</mn>
    </mrow>
    <mrow>
     <mo>&#x2212;</mo><mn>1</mn>
    </mrow>
   </munderover>
   <mrow>
    <msup>
     <mi mathvariant='normal'>X</mi>
     <mn>2</mn>
    </msup>
    <mo>&#x2212;</mo><mn>1</mn>
   </mrow>
  </mrow>
  <mo lspace='0.3em' rspace='0.3em'>=</mo><mrow><mphantom><mspace width='0pt' height='12pt'/></mphantom><mfrac>
   <mn>1</mn>
   <mn>3</mn>
  </mfrac>
  <msup>
   <mi mathvariant='normal'>X</mi>
   <mn>3</mn>
  </msup>
  <mo>&#x2212;</mo><mi mathvariant='normal'>X</mi><msubsup>
   <mo stretchy='true' lspace='0.2em' rspace='0.2em'>&#x007C;</mo>
   <mrow>
    <mo>&#x2212;</mo><mn>2</mn>
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   <mrow>
    <mo>&#x2212;</mo><mn>1</mn>
   </mrow>
  </msubsup></mrow>
  <mo lspace='0.3em' rspace='0.3em'>=</mo><mfrac>
   <mn>4</mn>
   <mn>3</mn>
  </mfrac>
  
 </mrow>
<annotation encoding='MathType-MTEF'>
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</semantics></mstyle>
</math><br/>
<math xmlns='http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML' display='inline' style="margin-top:5px">
 <mstyle displaystyle='true'><semantics>
  <mrow>
   <mrow><munderover>
    <mo stretchy='true'>&#x222B;</mo>
    <mrow>
     <mo>&#x2212;</mo><mn>1</mn>
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    <mn>1</mn>
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   <mrow>
    <msup>
     <mi mathvariant='normal'>X</mi>
     <mn>2</mn>
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    <mo>&#x2212;</mo><mn>1</mn>
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  </mrow>
  <mo lspace='0.3em' rspace='0.3em'>=</mo><mrow><mphantom><mspace width='0pt' height='12pt'/></mphantom><mfrac>
   <mn>1</mn>
   <mn>3</mn>
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  <msup>
   <mi mathvariant='normal'>X</mi>
   <mn>3</mn>
  </msup>
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   <mrow>
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   </mrow>
   <mn>1</mn>
  </msubsup></mrow>
  <mo lspace='0.3em' rspace='0.3em'>=</mo><mo>&#x2212;</mo><mfrac>
   <mn>4</mn>
   <mn>3</mn>
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 </mrow>
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</math><br/>
<math xmlns='http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML' display='inline' style="margin-top:5px">
 <mstyle displaystyle='true'><semantics>
  <mrow>
   <mrow><munderover>
    <mo stretchy='true'>&#x222B;</mo>
    <mn>1</mn>
    <mn>3</mn>
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   <mrow>
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     <mi mathvariant='normal'>X</mi>
     <mn>2</mn>
    </msup>
    <mo>&#x2212;</mo><mn>1</mn>
   </mrow>
  </mrow>
  <mo lspace='0.3em' rspace='0.3em'>=</mo><mrow><mphantom><mspace width='0pt' height='12pt'/></mphantom><mfrac>
   <mn>1</mn>
   <mn>3</mn>
  </mfrac>
  <msup>
   <mi mathvariant='normal'>X</mi>
   <mn>3</mn>
  </msup>
  <mo>&#x2212;</mo><mi mathvariant='normal'>X</mi><msubsup>
   <mo stretchy='true' lspace='0.2em' rspace='0.2em'>&#x007C;</mo>
   <mn>1</mn>
   <mn>3</mn>
  </msubsup></mrow>
  <mo lspace='0.3em' rspace='0.3em'>=</mo><mfrac>
   <mrow>
    <mn>20</mn>
   </mrow>
   <mn>3</mn>
  </mfrac>
  
 </mrow>
<annotation encoding='MathType-MTEF'>
MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaWaa8qCaeaacaWGybWaaWbaaSqabeaacaaIYaaaaOGaeyOeI0IaaGymaaWcbaGaaGymaaqaaiaaiodaa0Gaey4kIipakiabg2da9maalaaabaGaaGymaaqaaiaaiodaaaGaamiwamaaCaaaleqabaGaaG4maaaakiabgkHiTiaadIfacaGG8bWaa0baaSqaaiaaigdaaeaacaaIZaaaaOGaeyypa0ZaaSaaaeaacaaIYaGaaGimaaqaaiaaiodaaaaaaa@4970@</annotation>
</semantics></mstyle>
</math>
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>Die Flächenmaßzahl errechnet sich also zu <math xmlns='http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML' display='inline'>
 <mstyle displaystyle='true'><semantics>
  <mrow>
   <msub>
    <mi>A</mi>
    <mrow>
     <msup>
      <mi mathvariant='normal'>X</mi>
      <mn>2</mn>
     </msup>
     <mo>&#x2212;</mo><mn>1</mn>
    </mrow>
   </msub>
   <mo stretchy='false'>(</mo><mo>&#x2212;</mo><mn>2,3</mn><mo stretchy='false'>)</mo><mo>=</mo><mo stretchy='false' lspace='0.2em' rspace='0.2em'>&#x007C;</mo><mfrac>
    <mn>4</mn>
    <mn>3</mn>
   </mfrac>
   <mo stretchy='false' lspace='0.2em' rspace='0.2em'>&#x007C;</mo><mo>+</mo><mo stretchy='false' lspace='0.2em' rspace='0.2em'>&#x007C;</mo><mo>&#x2212;</mo><mfrac>
    <mn>4</mn>
    <mn>3</mn>
   </mfrac>
   <mo stretchy='false' lspace='0.2em' rspace='0.2em'>&#x007C;</mo><mo>+</mo><mo stretchy='false' lspace='0.2em' rspace='0.2em'>&#x007C;</mo><mfrac>
    <mrow>
     <mn>20</mn>
    </mrow>
    <mn>3</mn>
   </mfrac>
   <mo stretchy='false' lspace='0.2em' rspace='0.2em'>&#x007C;</mo><mo>=</mo><mfrac>
    <mrow>
     <mn>28</mn>
    </mrow>
    <mn>3</mn>
   </mfrac>
   
  </mrow>
 <annotation encoding='MathType-MTEF'>
 MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamyqamaaBaaaleaacaWGybWaaWbaaWqabeaacaaIYaaaaSGaeyOeI0IaaGymaaqabaGccaGGOaGaeyOeI0IaaGOmaiaacYcacaaIZaGaaiykaiabg2da9iaacYhadaWcaaqaaiaaisdaaeaacaaIZaaaaiaacYhacqGHRaWkcaGG8bGaeyOeI0YaaSaaaeaacaaI0aaabaGaaG4maaaacaGG8bGaey4kaSIaaiiFamaalaaabaGaaGOmaiaaicdaaeaacaaIZaaaaiaacYhacqGH9aqpdaWcaaqaaiaaikdacaaI4aaabaGaaG4maaaaaaa@5132@</annotation>
</semantics></mstyle>
</math>.</p>
</li>
</ol>
</li>
<li>
<p>Wir berechnen als nächstes die Maßzahl der Fläche, die <math xmlns='http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML' display='inline'>
 <mstyle displaystyle='true'><semantics>
  <mrow>
   <mi>cos</mi><mo>&#x2061;</mo><mo>&#x2218;</mo><mfrac>
    <mi mathvariant='normal'>X</mi>
    <mn>2</mn>
   </mfrac>
   
  </mrow>
 <annotation encoding='MathType-MTEF'>
 MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaci4yaiaac+gacaGGZbGaeSigI82aaSaaaeaacaWGybaabaGaaGOmaaaaaaa@3BA2@</annotation>
</semantics></mstyle>
</math> im Bereich <math xmlns='http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML' display='inline'>
 <mstyle displaystyle='true'><semantics>
  <mrow>
   <mo stretchy='false' rspace='0.1em'>[</mo><mn>0</mn><mo>,</mo><mn>3</mn><mi>&#x03C0;</mi><mo stretchy='false' lspace='0.1em'>]</mo>
  </mrow>
 <annotation encoding='MathType-MTEF'>
 MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaai4waiaaicdacaGGSaGaaG4maiabec8aWjaac2faaaa@3B90@</annotation>
</semantics></mstyle>
</math> mit der <span><i>x</i>-Achse</span> erzeugt.</p>
<div><img src="b2.png" width="441px" height="105px" style="border:1px solid blue"/></div>
<ol style="margin-top:20pt">
<li>
<p>Da <math xmlns='http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML' display='inline'>
 <mstyle displaystyle='true'><semantics>
  <mrow>
   <mi>cos</mi><mo>&#x2061;</mo><mfrac>
    <mi>x</mi>
    <mn>2</mn>
   </mfrac>
   <mo>=</mo><mn>0</mn><mtext>&#x2003;</mtext><mo>&#x21D4;</mo><mtext>&#x2003;</mtext><mfrac>
    <mi>x</mi>
    <mn>2</mn>
   </mfrac>
   <mo>=</mo><mo stretchy='false'>(</mo><mn>2</mn><mi>k</mi><mo>&#x2212;</mo><mn>1</mn><mo stretchy='false'>)</mo><mfrac>
    <mi>&#x03C0;</mi>
    <mn>2</mn>
   </mfrac>
   <mtext>&#x2003;</mtext><mo>&#x21D4;</mo><mtext>&#x2003;</mtext><mi>x</mi><mo>=</mo><mo stretchy='false'>(</mo><mn>2</mn><mi>k</mi><mo>&#x2212;</mo><mn>1</mn><mo stretchy='false'>)</mo><mi>&#x03C0;</mi>
  </mrow>
 <annotation encoding='MathType-MTEF'>
 MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaci4yaiaac+gacaGGZbWaaSaaaeaacaWG4baabaGaaGOmaaaacqGH9aqpcaaIWaGaaGzbVlabgsDiBlaaywW7daWcaaqaaiaadIhaaeaacaaIYaaaaiabg2da9iaacIcacaaIYaGaam4AaiabgkHiTiaaigdacaGGPaWaaSaaaeaacqaHapaCaeaacaaIYaaaaiaaywW7cqGHuhY2caaMf8UaamiEaiabg2da9iaacIcacaaIYaGaam4AaiabgkHiTiaaigdacaGGPaGaeqiWdahaaa@59AA@</annotation>
</semantics></mstyle>
</math>, hat man die ungeraden Vielfachen von <i>&#x03C0;</i> im Intervall <math xmlns='http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML' display='inline'>
 <mstyle displaystyle='true'><semantics>
  <mrow>
   <mo stretchy='false' lspace='0.1em' rspace='0.1em'>]</mo><mn>0</mn><mo>,</mo><mn>3</mn><mi>&#x03C0;</mi><mo stretchy='false' rspace='0.1em' lspace='0.1em'>[</mo>
  </mrow>
 <annotation encoding='MathType-MTEF'>
 MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaaiyxaiaaicdacaGGSaGaaG4maiabec8aWjaacUfaaaa@3B90@</annotation>
</semantics></mstyle>
</math> zu suchen. Dies führt zur Zerlegung <math xmlns='http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML' display='inline'>
 <mstyle displaystyle='true'><semantics>
  <mrow>
   <mn>0</mn><mo>&#x003C;</mo><mi>&#x03C0;</mi><mo>&#x003C;</mo><mn>3</mn><mi>&#x03C0;</mi>
  </mrow>
 <annotation encoding='MathType-MTEF'>
 MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaaGimaiabgYda8iabec8aWjabgYda8iaaiodacqaHapaCaaa@3CE5@</annotation>
</semantics></mstyle>
</math>, so dass jetzt nur zwei Integrale zu berechnen sind.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p><math xmlns='http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML' display='inline'>
 <mstyle displaystyle='true'><semantics>
  <mrow>
   <mrow><munderover>
    <mo stretchy='true'>&#x222B;</mo>
    <mn>0</mn>
    <mi>&#x03C0;</mi>
   </munderover>
   <mrow>
    <mi>cos</mi><mo>&#x2061;</mo><mo>&#x2218;</mo><mfrac>
     <mi mathvariant='normal'>X</mi>
     <mn>2</mn>
    </mfrac>
    
   </mrow>
  </mrow>
  <mo lspace='0.3em' rspace='0.3em'>=</mo><mrow><mphantom><mspace width='0pt' height='12pt'/></mphantom><mn>2</mn><mo lspace='0.1em' rspace='0.1em'>&#x22C5;</mo><mi>sin</mi><mo>&#x2061;</mo><mo>&#x2218;</mo><mfrac>
   <mi mathvariant='normal'>X</mi>
   <mn>2</mn>
  </mfrac>
  <msubsup>
   <mo stretchy='true' lspace='0.2em' rspace='0.2em'>&#x007C;</mo>
   <mn>0</mn>
   <mi>&#x03C0;</mi>
  </msubsup></mrow>
  <mo lspace='0.3em' rspace='0.3em'>=</mo><mn>2</mn>
 </mrow>
<annotation encoding='MathType-MTEF'>
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</semantics></mstyle>
</math>&#160; und&#160; <math xmlns='http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML' display='inline'>
 <mstyle displaystyle='true'><semantics>
  <mrow>
   <mrow><munderover>
    <mo stretchy='true'>&#x222B;</mo>
    <mi>&#x03C0;</mi>
    <mrow>
     <mn>3</mn><mi>&#x03C0;</mi>
    </mrow>
   </munderover>
   <mrow>
    <mi>cos</mi><mo>&#x2061;</mo><mo>&#x2218;</mo><mfrac>
     <mi mathvariant='normal'>X</mi>
     <mn>2</mn>
    </mfrac>
    
   </mrow>
  </mrow>
  <mo lspace='0.3em' rspace='0.3em'>=</mo><mrow><mphantom><mspace width='0pt' height='12pt'/></mphantom><mn>2</mn><mo lspace='0.1em' rspace='0.1em'>&#x22C5;</mo><mi>sin</mi><mo>&#x2061;</mo><mo>&#x2218;</mo><mfrac>
   <mi mathvariant='normal'>X</mi>
   <mn>2</mn>
  </mfrac>
  <msubsup>
   <mo stretchy='true' lspace='0.2em' rspace='0.2em'>&#x007C;</mo>
   <mi>&#x03C0;</mi>
   <mrow>
    <mn>3</mn><mi>&#x03C0;</mi>
   </mrow>
  </msubsup></mrow>
  <mo lspace='0.3em' rspace='0.3em'>=</mo><mo>&#x2212;</mo><mn>4</mn>
 </mrow>
<annotation encoding='MathType-MTEF'>
MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaWaa8qCaeaaciGGJbGaai4BaiaacohacqWIyiYBdaWcaaqaaiaadIfaaeaacaaIYaaaaaWcbaGaeqiWdahabaGaaG4maiabec8aWbqdcqGHRiI8aOGaeyypa0JaaGOmaiabgwSixlGacohacaGGPbGaaiOBaiablIHiVnaalaaabaGaamiwaaqaaiaaikdaaaGaaiiFamaaDaaaleaacqaHapaCaeaacaaIZaGaeqiWdahaaOGaeyypa0JaeyOeI0IaaGinaaaa@5432@</annotation>
</semantics></mstyle>
</math></p>
</li>
<li>
<p>Damit ergibt sich das Flächenmaß zu <math xmlns='http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML' display='inline'>
 <mstyle displaystyle='true'><semantics>
  <mrow>
   <msub>
    <mi>A</mi>
    <mrow>
     <mi>cos</mi><mo>&#x2061;</mo><mo>&#x2218;</mo><mfrac>
      <mi mathvariant='normal'>X</mi>
      <mn>2</mn>
     </mfrac>
     
    </mrow>
   </msub>
   <mo stretchy='false'>(</mo><mn>0,3</mn><mi>&#x03C0;</mi><mo stretchy='false'>)</mo><mo>=</mo><mo stretchy='false' lspace='0.2em' rspace='0.2em'>&#x007C;</mo><mn>2</mn><mo stretchy='false' lspace='0.2em' rspace='0.2em'>&#x007C;</mo><mo>+</mo><mo stretchy='false' lspace='0.2em' rspace='0.2em'>&#x007C;</mo><mo>&#x2212;</mo><mn>4</mn><mo stretchy='false' lspace='0.2em' rspace='0.2em'>&#x007C;</mo><mo>=</mo><mn>6</mn>
  </mrow>
 <annotation encoding='MathType-MTEF'>
 MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamyqamaaBaaaleaaciGGJbGaai4BaiaacohacqWIyiYBdaWcaaqaaiaadIfaaeaacaaIYaaaaaqabaGccaGGOaGaaGimaiaacYcacaaIZaGaeqiWdaNaaiykaiabg2da9iaacYhacaaIYaGaaiiFaiabgUcaRiaacYhacqGHsislcaaI0aGaaiiFaiabg2da9iaaiAdaaaa@4BF0@</annotation>
</semantics></mstyle>
</math>.</p>
</li>
</ol>
</li>
</ul>
</td></tr></table>

<p>Alle bisher berechneten Flächen werden u.a. von der <span><i>x</i>-Achse</span> begrenzt, haben also zumindest eine gerade Kante.<img id="pic2" src="b4.png" width="212px" height="291px" style="float:left; border:1px solid blue; margin:15px; margin-left:0px; margin-bottom:0px"/> Durch einen einfachen Trick aber kommt man mit den bisherigen Methoden auch bei ausschließlich krummlinig begrenzten Flächen zurecht. Dies wird im folgenden Beispiel deutlich.</p>

<p>Die links skizzierte <span id="base" style="white-space:normal" onmouseover="document.getElementById('pic2').src='b4.png'" onmouseout=" document.getElementById('base').style.color=''; document.getElementById('base').style.cursor=''">Fläche</span> läßt sich durch zwei positive Funktionen gewinnen, durch die <i>obere</i> Funktion <math xmlns='http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML' display='inline'>
 <mstyle displaystyle='true'><semantics>
  <mrow>
   <mi>f</mi><mo>=</mo><msup>
    <mi mathvariant='normal'>X</mi>
    <mn>3</mn>
   </msup>
   <mo>&#x2212;</mo><mn>2</mn><msup>
    <mi mathvariant='normal'>X</mi>
    <mn>2</mn>
   </msup>
   <mo>+</mo><mn>4</mn>
  </mrow>
 <annotation encoding='MathType-MTEF'>
 MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamOzaiabg2da9iaadIfadaahaaWcbeqaaiaaiodaaaGccqGHsislcaaIYaGaamiwamaaCaaaleqabaGaaGOmaaaakiabgUcaRiaaisdaaaa@3EC7@</annotation>
</semantics></mstyle>
</math><span class="inf" style="white-space:normal" onmouseover="if(active1==0){position('tip1','tab1',event.clientX,event.clientY); document.getElementById('tip1').className='tooltip_v'};active1=1">
<img class="inf" style="margin-left:3px; margin-right:3px" src="../info.gif" width="10" height="10"/></span>
<span id="tip1" class="tooltip_h" style="white-space:normal">
<table id="tab1" border="0" style="width:160px" ><tr><td onmousedown="x0=event.clientX;y0=event.clientY;fix('tip1')" onmouseup="drag=0" style="border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-color:blue; font-family:monospace"><p style="cursor: move; color:blue; margin-top:-5px; margin-bottom:0px; size:12pt; font-weight:bold">&#160;i</p><img onclick="active1=0;document.getElementById('tip1').className='tooltip_h'" src="../close.gif" width="10" height="10" style="float: right; margin-top:-15px"/>
</td></tr>
<tr><td>
<span style="position:absolute; left:2px; top:36px; left;margin-bottom:0pt; color:blue">
<math xmlns='http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML' display='inline'>
 <mstyle displaystyle='true'><semantics>
  <mrow>
   <msup>
    <mi mathvariant='normal'>X</mi>
    <mn>3</mn>
   </msup>
   <mo>&#x2212;</mo><mn>2</mn><msup>
    <mi mathvariant='normal'>X</mi>
    <mn>2</mn>
   </msup>
   <mo>+</mo><mn>4</mn>
  </mrow>
 <annotation encoding='MathType-MTEF'>
 MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamiwamaaCaaaleqabaGaaG4maaaakiabgkHiTiaaikdacaWGybWaaWbaaSqabeaacaaIYaaaaOGaey4kaSIaaGinaaaa@3CD6@</annotation>
</semantics></mstyle>
</math>
</span>

<p style="white-space:normal"><img src="above.png" width="240px" height="340px"/></p>
</td></tr></table>
</span>&#160;und die <i>untere</i>&#160; <math xmlns='http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML' display='inline'>
 <mstyle displaystyle='true'><semantics>
  <mrow>
   <mi>g</mi><mo>=</mo><msup>
    <mi mathvariant='normal'>X</mi>
    <mn>2</mn>
   </msup>
   
  </mrow>
 <annotation encoding='MathType-MTEF'>
 MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaam4zaiabg2da9iaadIfadaahaaWcbeqaaiaaikdaaaaaaa@39A4@</annotation>
</semantics></mstyle>
</math>.<span class="inf" style="white-space:normal" onmouseover="if(active2==0){position('tip2','tab2',event.clientX,event.clientY); document.getElementById('tip2').className='tooltip_v'};active2=1">
<img class="inf" style="margin-left:3px; margin-right:3px" src="../info.gif" width="10" height="10"/></span>
<span id="tip2" class="tooltip_h" style="white-space:normal">
<table id="tab2" border="0" style="width:160px" ><tr><td onmousedown="x0=event.clientX;y0=event.clientY;fix('tip2')" onmouseup="drag=0" style="border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-color:blue; font-family:monospace"><p style="cursor: move; color:blue; margin-top:-5px; margin-bottom:0px; size:12pt; font-weight:bold">&#160;i</p><img onclick="active2=0;document.getElementById('tip2').className='tooltip_h'" src="../close.gif" width="10" height="10" style="float: right; margin-top:-15px"/></td></tr>
<tr><td>
<span style="position:absolute; left:2px; top:36px; left;margin-bottom:0pt; color:blue">
<math xmlns='http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML' display='inline'>
 <mstyle displaystyle='true'><semantics>
  <mrow>
   <msup>
    <mi mathvariant='normal'>X</mi>
    <mn>2</mn>
   </msup>
   
  </mrow>
 <annotation encoding='MathType-MTEF'>
 MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamiwamaaCaaaleqabaGaaGOmaaaaaaa@37B2@</annotation>
</semantics></mstyle>
</math>
</span>
<p style="white-space:normal"><img src="below.png" width="222px" height="335px"/></p>
</td></tr></table>
</span></p>
<p>Dabei ist die durch <i>f</i> im Bereich <math xmlns='http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML' display='inline'>
 <mstyle displaystyle='true'><semantics>
  <mrow>
   <mo stretchy='false' rspace='0.1em'>[</mo><mo>&#x2212;</mo><mn>1</mn><mo>,</mo><mn>2</mn><mo stretchy='false' lspace='0.1em'>]</mo>
  </mrow>
 <annotation encoding='MathType-MTEF'>
 MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaai4waiabgkHiTiaaigdacaGGSaGaaGOmaiaac2faaaa@3AC0@</annotation>
</semantics></mstyle>
</math> erzeugte <span style="white-space:normal; cursor:pointer; color:blue" onmouseover="document.getElementById('pic2').src='b42.png'; document.getElementById('base').style.color='blue'; document.getElementById('base').style.cursor='pointer'">Fläche</span> offensichtlich zu groß, und zwar exakt um die <span style="white-space:normal; cursor:pointer; color:blue" onmouseover="document.getElementById('pic2').src='b43.png'; document.getElementById('base').style.color='blue'; document.getElementById('base').style.cursor='pointer'" onmouseout="document.getElementById('pic2').src='b41.png'">Fläche</span>, die <i>g</i> im Bereich <math xmlns='http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML' display='inline'>
 <mstyle displaystyle='true'><semantics>
  <mrow>
   <mo stretchy='false' rspace='0.1em'>[</mo><mo>&#x2212;</mo><mn>1</mn><mo>,</mo><mn>2</mn><mo stretchy='false' lspace='0.1em'>]</mo>
  </mrow>
 <annotation encoding='MathType-MTEF'>
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</semantics></mstyle>
</math> erzeugt. Als eine Maßzahl bietet sich daher die Differenz der beiden Flächenmaßzahlen an:</p>
<div>
<math xmlns='http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML' display='inline'>
 <mstyle displaystyle='true'><semantics>
  <mrow>
   <msub>
    <mi>A</mi>
    <mi>f</mi>
   </msub>
   <mo stretchy='false'>(</mo><mi>a</mi><mo>,</mo><mi>b</mi><mo stretchy='false'>)</mo><mo>&#x2212;</mo><msub>
    <mi>A</mi>
    <mi>g</mi>
   </msub>
   <mo stretchy='false'>(</mo><mi>a</mi><mo>,</mo><mi>b</mi><mo stretchy='false'>)</mo><mo lspace='0.3em' rspace='0.3em'>=</mo><mrow><munderover>
    <mo stretchy='true'>&#x222B;</mo>
    <mi>a</mi>
    <mi>b</mi>
   </munderover>
   <mi>f</mi>
  </mrow>
  <mo lspace='0.3em' rspace='0.3em'>&#x2212;</mo><mrow><munderover>
   <mo stretchy='true'>&#x222B;</mo>
   <mi>a</mi>
   <mi>b</mi>
  </munderover>
  <mi>g</mi>
 </mrow>
 <mo lspace='0.3em' rspace='0.3em'>=</mo><mrow><munderover>
  <mo stretchy='true'>&#x222B;</mo>
  <mi>a</mi>
  <mi>b</mi>
 </munderover>
 <mrow>
  <mi>f</mi><mo>&#x2212;</mo><mi>g</mi><mo lspace='0.3em' rspace='0.3em'>=</mo><msub>
   <mi>A</mi>
   <mrow>
    <mi>f</mi><mo>&#x2212;</mo><mi>g</mi>
   </mrow>
  </msub>
  <mo stretchy='false'>(</mo><mi>a</mi><mo>,</mo><mi>b</mi><mo stretchy='false'>)</mo>
 </mrow>
</mrow>

</mrow>
<annotation encoding='MathType-MTEF'>
MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamyqamaaBaaaleaacaWGMbaabeaakiaacIcacaWGHbGaaiilaiaadkgacaGGPaGaeyOeI0IaamyqamaaBaaaleaacaWGNbaabeaakiaacIcacaWGHbGaaiilaiaadkgacaGGPaGaeyypa0Zaa8qCaeaacaWGMbaaleaacaWGHbaabaGaamOyaaqdcqGHRiI8aOGaeyOeI0Yaa8qCaeaacaWGNbaaleaacaWGHbaabaGaamOyaaqdcqGHRiI8aOGaeyypa0Zaa8qCaeaacaWGMbGaeyOeI0Iaam4zaiabg2da9iaadgeadaWgaaWcbaGaamOzaiabgkHiTiaadEgaaeqaaOGaaiikaiaadggacaGGSaGaamOyaiaacMcaaSqaaiaadggaaeaacaWGIbaaniabgUIiYdaaaa@5F3A@</annotation>
</semantics></mstyle>
</math>
</div>
<p>In unserer Skizze besteht kein Zweifel, welche der beiden Funktionen die obere, welche die untere ist. Im Allgemeinen aber werden die Verhältnisse nicht so übersichtlich sein und bei Funktionen mit mehr als zwei Schnittstellen gibt es solche eindeutigen Positionen überhaupt nicht! Wie aber bereits bei den zu Anfang eingeführten Flächenmaßzahlen lassen sich Probleme dieser Art mit Hilfe des Betrags elegant lösen. Wir setzen daher fest:</p>

<table class="main"><tr><td class="main">

<p><u><b>Definition:</b></u> &#160;Für je zwei Funktionen <math xmlns='http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML' display='inline'>
 <mstyle displaystyle='true'><semantics>
  <mrow>
   <mi>f</mi><mo>,</mo><mi>g</mi><mo>&#x2208;</mo><msup>
    <mi mathvariant='script'>C</mi>
    <mn>0</mn>
   </msup>
   <mo stretchy='false' rspace='0.1em'>(</mo><mo stretchy='false' rspace='0.1em'>[</mo><mi>a</mi><mo>,</mo><mi>b</mi><mo stretchy='false' lspace='0.1em'>]</mo><mo stretchy='false' lspace='0.1em'>)</mo>
  </mrow>
 <annotation encoding='MathType-MTEF'>
 MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamOzaiaacYcacaWGNbGaeyicI4Saam4qamaaCaaaleqabaGaaGimaaaakiaacIcacaGGBbGaamyyaiaacYcacaWGIbGaaiyxaiaacMcaaaa@4146@</annotation>
</semantics></mstyle>
</math> nennen wir die Zahl</p>

<table><tr><td class="def">
 <div>
<math xmlns='http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML' display='inline'>
 <mstyle displaystyle='true'><semantics>
  <mrow>
   <msub>
    <mi>A</mi>
    <mrow>
     <mi>f</mi><mo>&#x2212;</mo><mi>g</mi>
    </mrow>
   </msub>
   <mo stretchy='false'>(</mo><mi>a</mi><mo>,</mo><mi>b</mi><mo stretchy='false'>)</mo><mo lspace='0.3em' rspace='0.3em'>=</mo><mrow><munderover>
    <mo stretchy='true'>&#x222B;</mo>
    <mi>a</mi>
    <mi>b</mi>
   </munderover>
   <mrow>
    <mo stretchy='false' lspace='0.2em' rspace='0.3em'>&#x007C;</mo><mi>f</mi><mo>&#x2212;</mo><mi>g</mi><mo stretchy='false' lspace='0.2em' rspace='0.2em'>&#x007C;</mo>
   </mrow>
  </mrow>
  
 </mrow>
<annotation encoding='MathType-MTEF'>
MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamyqamaaBaaaleaacaWGMbGaeyOeI0Iaam4zaaqabaGccaGGOaGaamyyaiaacYcacaWGIbGaaiykaiabg2da9maapehabaGaaiiFaiaadAgacqGHsislcaWGNbGaaiiFaaWcbaGaamyyaaqaaiaadkgaa0Gaey4kIipaaaa@4782@</annotation>
</semantics></mstyle>
</math> 
 </div></td><td class="num" width="80px">
<span class="num"><a name="2">[8.4.2]</a></span></td></tr></table>

<p>die <u>Maßzahl der von <i>f</i> und <i>g</i> im Bereich <span style="letter-spacing:1.4pt">[<i>a</i>,<i>b</i>]</span> erzeugten Fläche</u>.</p>
</td></tr></table>

<p><span class="num" style="color:black"><tt>Beachte</tt>:</span></p>
<ul>  
 <li>
<p>In der Regel werden zwei Funktionen vorliegen, die eine kleinste und eine größte Schittstelle, etwa <i>a</i> und <i>b</i>, besitzen. In diesem Fall nennen wir <math xmlns='http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML' display='inline'>
 <mstyle displaystyle='true'><semantics>
  <mrow>
   <msub>
    <mi>A</mi>
    <mrow>
     <mi>f</mi><mo>&#x2212;</mo><mi>g</mi>
    </mrow>
   </msub>
   <mo stretchy='false'>(</mo><mi>a</mi><mo>,</mo><mi>b</mi><mo stretchy='false'>)</mo>
  </mrow>
 <annotation encoding='MathType-MTEF'>
 MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamyqamaaBaaaleaacaWGMbGaeyOeI0Iaam4zaaqabaGccaGGOaGaamyyaiaacYcacaWGIbGaaiykaaaa@3D82@</annotation>
</semantics></mstyle>
</math> auch kurz <u>die Maßzahl der von <i>f</i> und <i>g</i> erzeugten Fläche</u>.</p>
 </li>
 <li>
<p>Bei der Berechnung von <math xmlns='http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML' display='inline'>
 <mstyle displaystyle='true'><semantics>
  <mrow>
   <msub>
    <mi>A</mi>
    <mrow>
     <mi>f</mi><mo>&#x2212;</mo><mi>g</mi>
    </mrow>
   </msub>
   <mo stretchy='false'>(</mo><mi>a</mi><mo>,</mo><mi>b</mi><mo stretchy='false'>)</mo>
  </mrow>
 <annotation encoding='MathType-MTEF'>
 MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamyqamaaBaaaleaacaWGMbGaeyOeI0Iaam4zaaqabaGccaGGOaGaamyyaiaacYcacaWGIbGaaiykaaaa@3D82@</annotation>
</semantics></mstyle>
</math> ist die Lage der <span><i>x</i>-Achse</span> ohne Bedeutung. Liegen nämlich Teile der von <i>f</i> und <i>g</i> erzeugten Fläche unterhalb der <span><i>x</i>-Achse</span>, so wird man durch Verschieben in der Senkrechten, etwa um <i>c</i> Einheiten, eine Fläche erhalten, die ganz oberhalb der <span><i>x</i>-Achse</span> liegt. Für ihr Maß aber gilt:</p>
<div>
<math xmlns='http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML' display='inline'>
 <mstyle displaystyle='true'><semantics>
  <mrow>
   <msub>
    <mi>A</mi>
    <mrow>
     <mi>f</mi><mo>+</mo><mi>c</mi><mo>&#x2212;</mo><mo stretchy='false'>(</mo><mi>g</mi><mo>+</mo><mi>c</mi><mo stretchy='false'>)</mo>
    </mrow>
   </msub>
   <mo stretchy='false'>(</mo><mi>a</mi><mo>,</mo><mi>b</mi><mo stretchy='false'>)</mo><mo>=</mo><msub>
    <mi>A</mi>
    <mrow>
     <mi>f</mi><mo>&#x2212;</mo><mi>g</mi>
    </mrow>
   </msub>
   <mo stretchy='false'>(</mo><mi>a</mi><mo>,</mo><mi>b</mi><mo stretchy='false'>)</mo>
  </mrow>
 <annotation encoding='MathType-MTEF'>
 MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamyqamaaBaaaleaacaWGMbGaey4kaSIaam4yaiabgkHiTiaacIcacaWGNbGaey4kaSIaam4yaiaacMcaaeqaaOGaaiikaiaadggacaGGSaGaamOyaiaacMcacqGH9aqpcaWGbbWaaSbaaSqaaiaadAgacqGHsislcaWGNbaabeaakiaacIcacaWGHbGaaiilaiaadkgacaGGPaaaaa@4B0B@</annotation>
</semantics></mstyle>
</math><br/>&#160;
</div>
 </li>
 <li>
<p>Die Maßzahl der von <i>f</i> und <i>g</i> im Bereich <span style="letter-spacing:1.4pt">[<i>a</i>,<i>b</i>]</span> erzeugten Fläche ist per Definition die Maßzahl der von <math xmlns='http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML' display='inline'>
 <mstyle displaystyle='true'><semantics>
  <mrow>
   <mi>f</mi><mo>&#x2212;</mo><mi>g</mi>
  </mrow>
 <annotation encoding='MathType-MTEF'>
 MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamOzaiabgkHiTiaadEgaaaa@38B0@</annotation>
</semantics></mstyle>
</math> im Bereich <span style="letter-spacing:1.4pt">[<i>a</i>,<i>b</i>]</span> erzeugten Fläche. Zur Berechnung kann man daher das alte 3-Schritt-Verfahren anwenden.
</p>
<p>So können wir etwa die Fläche aus dem Eingangsbeispiel, also die von <math xmlns='http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML' display='inline'>
 <mstyle displaystyle='true'><semantics>
  <mrow>
   <mi>f</mi><mo>=</mo><msup>
    <mi mathvariant='normal'>X</mi>
    <mn>3</mn>
   </msup>
   <mo>&#x2212;</mo><mn>2</mn><msup>
    <mi mathvariant='normal'>X</mi>
    <mn>2</mn>
   </msup>
   <mo>+</mo><mn>4</mn>
  </mrow>
 <annotation encoding='MathType-MTEF'>
 MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamOzaiabg2da9iaadIfadaahaaWcbeqaaiaaiodaaaGccqGHsislcaaIYaGaamiwamaaCaaaleqabaGaaGOmaaaakiabgUcaRiaaisdaaaa@3EC7@</annotation>
</semantics></mstyle>
</math> und <math xmlns='http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML' display='inline'>
 <mstyle displaystyle='true'><semantics>
  <mrow>
   <mi>g</mi><mo>=</mo><msup>
    <mi mathvariant='normal'>X</mi>
    <mn>2</mn>
   </msup>
   
  </mrow>
 <annotation encoding='MathType-MTEF'>
 MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaam4zaiabg2da9iaadIfadaahaaWcbeqaaiaaikdaaaaaaa@39A4@</annotation>
</semantics></mstyle>
</math> erzeugte Fläche, bemessen indem wir die Maßzahl der von</p>
<div>
<math xmlns='http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML' display='inline'>
 <mstyle displaystyle='true'><semantics>
  <mrow>
   <mi>f</mi><mo>&#x2212;</mo><mi>g</mi><mo>=</mo><msup>
    <mi mathvariant='normal'>X</mi>
    <mn>3</mn>
   </msup>
   <mo>&#x2212;</mo><mn>3</mn><msup>
    <mi mathvariant='normal'>X</mi>
    <mn>2</mn>
   </msup>
   <mo>+</mo><mn>4</mn><mo>=</mo><mo stretchy='false'>(</mo><mi mathvariant='normal'>X</mi><mo>+</mo><mn>1</mn><mo stretchy='false'>)</mo><mo lspace='0.1em' rspace='0.1em'>&#x22C5;</mo><msup>
    <mrow>
     <mo stretchy='false'>(</mo><mi mathvariant='normal'>X</mi><mo>&#x2212;</mo><mn>2</mn><mo stretchy='false'>)</mo>
    </mrow>
    <mn>2</mn>
   </msup>
   
  </mrow>
 <annotation encoding='MathType-MTEF'>
 MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamOzaiabgkHiTiaadEgacqGH9aqpcaWGybWaaWbaaSqabeaacaaIZaaaaOGaeyOeI0IaaG4maiaadIfadaahaaWcbeqaaiaaikdaaaGccqGHRaWkcaaI0aGaeyypa0JaaiikaiaadIfacqGHRaWkcaaIXaGaaiykaiabgwSixlaacIcacaWGybGaeyOeI0IaaGOmaiaacMcadaahaaWcbeqaaiaaikdaaaaaaa@4C8C@</annotation>
</semantics></mstyle>
</math>
</div>
<p>erzeugten Fläche ausrechen:</p>
<ol>
<li>
<p><math xmlns='http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML' display='inline'>
 <mstyle displaystyle='true'><semantics>
  <mrow>
   <msup>
    <mi>x</mi>
    <mn>3</mn>
   </msup>
   <mo>&#x2212;</mo><mn>3</mn><msup>
    <mi>x</mi>
    <mn>2</mn>
   </msup>
   <mo>+</mo><mn>4</mn><mo>=</mo><mn>0</mn><mtext>&#x2003;</mtext><mo>&#x21D4;</mo><mtext>&#x2003;</mtext><mi>x</mi><mo>=</mo><mo>&#x2212;</mo><mn>1</mn><mtext>&#x2009;&#x200A;&#x200A;</mtext><mo>&#x2228;</mo><mtext>&#x2009;&#x200A;&#x200A;</mtext><mi>x</mi><mo>=</mo><mn>2</mn>
  </mrow>
 <annotation encoding='MathType-MTEF'>
 MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamiEamaaCaaaleqabaGaaG4maaaakiabgkHiTiaaiodacaWG4bWaaWbaaSqabeaacaaIYaaaaOGaey4kaSIaaGinaiabg2da9iaaicdacaaMf8Uaeyi1HSTaaGzbVlaadIhacqGH9aqpcqGHsislcaaIXaGaaGjbVlabgIIiAlaaysW7caWG4bGaeyypa0JaaGOmaaaa@4F83@</annotation>
</semantics></mstyle>
</math></p>
<p> <i>f</i> und <i>g</i> besitzen nur zwei Schnittstellen, so dass lediglich ein Integral errechnet werden muss.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p><math xmlns='http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML' display='inline'>
 <mstyle displaystyle='true'><semantics>
  <mrow>
   <mrow><munderover>
    <mo stretchy='true'>&#x222B;</mo>
    <mrow>
     <mo>&#x2212;</mo><mn>1</mn>
    </mrow>
    <mn>2</mn>
   </munderover>
   <mrow>
    <msup>
     <mi mathvariant='normal'>X</mi>
     <mn>3</mn>
    </msup>
    <mo>&#x2212;</mo><mn>3</mn><msup>
     <mi mathvariant='normal'>X</mi>
     <mn>2</mn>
    </msup>
    <mo>+</mo><mn>4</mn>
   </mrow>
  </mrow>
  <mo lspace='0.3em' rspace='0.3em'>=</mo>
  <mrow><mphantom><mspace width='0pt' height='12pt'/></mphantom><mfrac>
   <mn>1</mn>
   <mn>4</mn>
  </mfrac>
  <msup>
   <mi mathvariant='normal'>X</mi>
   <mn>4</mn>
  </msup>
  <mo>&#x2212;</mo><msup>
   <mi mathvariant='normal'>X</mi>
   <mn>3</mn>
  </msup>
  <mo>+</mo><mn>4</mn><mi mathvariant='normal'>X</mi><msubsup>
   <mo stretchy='true' lspace='0.2em' rspace='0.2em'>&#x007C;</mo>
   <mrow>
    <mo>&#x2212;</mo><mn>1</mn>
   </mrow>
   <mn>2</mn>
  </msubsup></mrow>
  <mo lspace='0.3em' rspace='0.3em'>=</mo><mfrac>
   <mrow>
    <mn>27</mn>
   </mrow>
   <mn>4</mn>
  </mfrac>
  
 </mrow>
<annotation encoding='MathType-MTEF'>
MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaWaa8qCaeaacaWGybWaaWbaaSqabeaacaaIZaaaaOGaeyOeI0IaaG4maiaadIfadaahaaWcbeqaaiaaikdaaaGccqGHRaWkcaaI0aaaleaacqGHsislcaaIXaaabaGaaGOmaaqdcqGHRiI8aOGaeyypa0ZaaSaaaeaacaaIXaaabaGaaGinaaaacaWGybWaaWbaaSqabeaacaaI0aaaaOGaeyOeI0IaamiwamaaCaaaleqabaGaaG4maaaakiabgUcaRiaaisdacaWGybGaaiiFamaaDaaaleaacqGHsislcaaIXaaabaGaaGOmaaaakiabg2da9maalaaabaGaaGOmaiaaiEdaaeaacaaI0aaaaaaa@5236@</annotation>
</semantics></mstyle>
</math></p>
</li>
<li>
<p>Die von <i>f</i> und <i>g</i> erzeugte Fläche hat also das Maß <math xmlns='http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML' display='inline'>
 <mstyle displaystyle='true'><semantics>
  <mrow>
   <mo stretchy='false' lspace='0.2em' rspace='0.2em'>&#x007C;</mo><mfrac>
    <mrow>
     <mn>27</mn>
    </mrow>
    <mn>4</mn>
   </mfrac>
   <mo stretchy='false' lspace='0.2em' rspace='0.2em'>&#x007C;</mo><mo>=</mo><mfrac>
    <mrow>
     <mn>27</mn>
    </mrow>
    <mn>4</mn>
   </mfrac>
   
  </mrow>
 <annotation encoding='MathType-MTEF'>
 MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaaiiFamaalaaabaGaaGOmaiaaiEdaaeaacaaI0aaaaiaacYhacqGH9aqpdaWcaaqaaiaaikdacaaI3aaabaGaaGinaaaaaaa@3D88@</annotation>
</semantics></mstyle>
</math>.</p>
</li>
</ol>
<br/>&#160; </li>
</ul>

<p>Die Fläche, die eine positive Funktion <math xmlns='http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML' display='inline'>
 <mstyle displaystyle='true'><semantics>
  <mi>f</mi><mo>&#x2208;</mo><msup>
   <mi mathvariant='script'>C</mi>
   <mn>0</mn>
  </msup>
  <mo stretchy='false' rspace='0.1em'>(</mo><mo stretchy='false' rspace='0.1em'>[</mo><mi>a</mi><mo>,</mo><mi>b</mi><mo stretchy='false' lspace='0.1em'>]</mo><mo stretchy='false' lspace='0.1em'>)</mo>
 <annotation encoding='MathType-MTEF'>
 MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamOzaiabgIGiolaadoeadaahaaWcbeqaaiaaicdaaaGccaGGOaGaai4waiaadggacaGGSaGaamOyaiaac2facaGGPaaaaa@3FAA@</annotation>
</semantics></mstyle>
</math> im Bereich <span style="letter-spacing:1.4pt">[<i>a</i>,<i>b</i>]</span> mit der <span><i>x</i>-Achse</span> erzeugt, ist die Menge</p>
<div>
<math xmlns='http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML' display='inline'>
 <mstyle displaystyle='true'><semantics>
  <mrow>
   <mi>M</mi><mo>=</mo><mo stretchy='false'>&#x007B;</mo><mo stretchy='false'>(</mo><mi>x</mi><mo>,</mo><mi>y</mi><mo stretchy='false'>)</mo><mo>&#x2208;</mo><msup>
    <mi>&#x211D;</mi>
    <mn>2</mn>
   </msup>
   <mo stretchy='false' lspace='0.2em' rspace='0.2em' mathsize='16pt'>&#x007C;</mo><mi>x</mi><mo>&#x2208;</mo><mo stretchy='false' rspace='0.1em'>[</mo><mi>a</mi><mo>,</mo><mi>b</mi><mo stretchy='false' lspace='0.1em'>]</mo><mtext>&#x2009;&#x200A;&#x200A;</mtext><mo>&#x2227;</mo><mtext>&#x2009;&#x200A;&#x200A;</mtext><mn>0</mn><mo>&#x2264;</mo><mi>y</mi><mo>&#x2264;</mo><mi>f</mi><mo stretchy='false'>(</mo><mi>x</mi><mo stretchy='false'>)</mo><mo stretchy='false'>&#x007D;</mo><mo>&#x2282;</mo><mo stretchy='false' rspace='0.1em'>[</mo><mi>a</mi><mo>,</mo><mi>b</mi><mo stretchy='false' lspace='0.1em'>]</mo><mo>&#x00D7;</mo><mi>&#x211D;</mi>
  </mrow>
 <annotation encoding='MathType-MTEF'>
 MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamytaiabg2da9iaacUhacaGGOaGaamiEaiaacYcacaWG5bGaaiykaiabgIGiolabl2riHoaaCaaaleqabaGaaGOmaaaakiaacYhacaWG4bGaeyicI4Saai4waiaadggacaGGSaGaamOyaiaac2facaaMe8Uaey4jIKTaaGjbVlaaicdacqGHKjYOcaWG5bGaeyizImQaamOzaiaacIcacaWG4bGaaiykaiaac2hacqGHckcZcaGGBbGaamyyaiaacYcacaWGIbGaaiyxaiabgEna0kabl2riHcaa@6058@</annotation>
</semantics></mstyle>
</math>
</div>
<p>und für jedes <math xmlns='http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML' display='inline'>
 <mstyle displaystyle='true'><semantics>
 <mrow>
  <mi>x</mi><mo>&#x2208;</mo><mo stretchy='false' rspace='0.1em'>[</mo><mi>a</mi><mo>,</mo><mi>b</mi><mo stretchy='false' lspace='0.1em'>]</mo>
 </mrow>
 <annotation encoding='MathType-MTEF'>
 MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamiEaiabgIGiolaacUfacaWGHbGaaiilaiaadkgacaGGDbaaaa@3CAA@</annotation>
</semantics></mstyle>
</math> ist der positive Funktionswert <math xmlns='http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML' display='inline'>
 <mstyle displaystyle='true'><semantics>
 <mrow>
  <mi>f</mi><mo stretchy='false'>(</mo><mi>x</mi><mo stretchy='false'>)</mo>
 </mrow>
 <annotation encoding='MathType-MTEF'>
 MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamOzaiaacIcacaWG4bGaaiykaaaa@392D@</annotation>
</semantics></mstyle>
</math> gleichzeitig die Länge des Intervalls <math xmlns='http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML' display='inline'>
 <mstyle displaystyle='true'><semantics>
 <mrow>
  <mo stretchy='false' rspace='0.1em'>[</mo><mn>0</mn><mo rspace='0.3em'>,</mo><mi>f</mi><mo stretchy='false'>(</mo><mi>x</mi><mo stretchy='false'>)</mo><mo stretchy='false' lspace='0.1em'>]</mo>
 </mrow>
 <annotation encoding='MathType-MTEF'>
 MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaai4waiaaicdacaGGSaGaamOzaiaacIcacaWG4bGaaiykaiaac2faaaa@3C57@</annotation>
</semantics></mstyle>
</math>. Wir fassen ein solches Intervall als <i>Schnitt</i></p>
<div>
<math xmlns='http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML' display='inline'>
 <mstyle displaystyle='true'><semantics>
 <mrow>
  <msub>
   <mi>M</mi>
   <mi>x</mi>
  </msub>
  <mo>=</mo><mo rspace='0.2em' stretchy='false'>&#x007B;</mo><mi>y</mi><mo>&#x2208;</mo><mi>&#x211D;</mi><mo stretchy='false' lspace='0.2em' rspace='0.2em' mathsize='16pt'>&#x007C;</mo><mo stretchy='false'>(</mo><mi>x</mi><mo>,</mo><mi>y</mi><mo stretchy='false'>)</mo><mo>&#x2208;</mo><mi>M</mi><mo>&#x007D;</mo><mo>=</mo><mo rspace='0.2em'>&#x007B;</mo><mi>y</mi><mo>&#x2208;</mo><mi>&#x211D;</mi><mo stretchy='false' lspace='0.2em' rspace='0.2em' mathsize='16pt'>&#x007C;</mo><mn>0</mn><mo>&#x2264;</mo><mi>y</mi><mo>&#x2264;</mo><mi>f</mi><mo stretchy='false'>(</mo><mi>x</mi><mo stretchy='false'>)</mo><mo stretchy='false'>&#x007D;</mo><mo>=</mo><mo stretchy='false' rspace='0.1em'>[</mo><mn>0</mn><mo rspace='0.3em'>,</mo><mi>f</mi><mo stretchy='false'>(</mo><mi>x</mi><mo stretchy='false'>)</mo><mo stretchy='false' lspace='0.1em'>]</mo>
 </mrow>
 <annotation encoding='MathType-MTEF'>
 MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamytamaaBaaaleaacaWG4baabeaakiabg2da9iaacUhacaWG5bGaeyicI4SaeSyhHeQaaiiFaiaacIcacaWG4bGaaiilaiaadMhacaGGPaGaeyicI4Saamytaiaac2hacqGH9aqpcaGG7bGaamyEaiabgIGiolabl2riHkaacYhacaaIWaGaeyizImQaamyEaiabgsMiJkaadAgacaGGOaGaamiEaiaacMcacaGG9bGaeyypa0Jaai4waiaaicdacaGGSaGaamOzaiaacIcacaWG4bGaaiykaiaac2faaaa@5E0F@</annotation>
</semantics></mstyle>
</math>
</div>
<p>in der Menge <i>M</i> auf und gewinnen so das <i>zwei</i>dimensionale Flächenmaß von <i>M</i>, also die Zahl <math xmlns='http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML' display='inline'>
 <mstyle displaystyle='true'><semantics>
  <mrow>
   <mrow><munderover>
    <mo stretchy='true'>&#x222B;</mo>
    <mi>a</mi>
    <mi>b</mi>
   </munderover>
   <mi>f</mi>
  </mrow>
  
 </mrow>
<annotation encoding='MathType-MTEF'>
MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaWaa8qCaeaacaWGMbaaleaacaWGHbaabaGaamOyaaqdcqGHRiI8aaaa@3B0D@</annotation>
</semantics></mstyle>
</math>, durch Integration über die <i>ein</i>dimensionalen Maße ihrer Schnitte <math xmlns='http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML' display='inline'>
 <mstyle displaystyle='true'><semantics>
  <msub>
   <mi>M</mi>
   <mi>x</mi>
  </msub>
  
 <annotation encoding='MathType-MTEF'>
 MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamytamaaBaaaleaacaWG4baabeaaaaa@37E7@</annotation>
</semantics></mstyle>
</math>.</p><p>Im nächsten Abschnitt wird dieser Aspekt der Flächenmessung zu einer rekursiven Möglichkeit führen, mehrdimensionale Volumina zu berechnen.</p>

<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="border-collapse: collapse; margin-top: 50px; margin-bottom:30px" bordercolor="#111111" width="100%">
  <tr>
    <td><hr noshade="noshade" size="1"/></td>
    <td width="2%" align="right"><img style="margin-left:3pt" src="http://www.mathproject.de/cgi-std/count.pl?c=84;d=tiny"/></td>
  </tr>
</table>
<p>
<table border="0" width="100%" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0">
  <tr>
    <td width="33%" align="left"><a href="8_3.xml" title="Partielle Integration und Substitutionsregel">8.3. <img border="0" src="backl.gif" width="7" height="12"/></a></td>
    <td width="33%" align="center">
  <a href="integralrechnung.htm#Teil4"><img width="16" height="16" border="0" src="back1.gif"/></a>
    </td>
    <td width="34%" align="right"><a href="8_5.xml" title="Volumenberechnung"><img border="0" src="backr.gif" width="7" height="12"/> 8.5.</a></td>
  </tr>
</table>
</p>
</td></tr>
</table></center><br/><font style="size:2px">&#160;</font>
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