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<p><u><b>Definition:</b></u> &#160;</p>

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 <div>
 
 </div></td><td class="num" width="80px">
<span class="num"><a name="1">[8.7.1]</a></span></td></tr></table>

<p class="beweis"><i>Beweis</i>: &#160;<br/>
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<h1>8.7. <i>Die Logarithmusfunktion</i></h1>
<hr noshade="noshade" size="1" style="margin-bottom:20px" />

<p>Dieser Abschnitt beschäftigt sich allein mit der Kehrwertfunktion. Sie ist die einzige Potenzfunktion, über deren Stammfunktionen wir bislang keine Kenntnis haben. Allerdings ist die Kehrwertfunktion stetig, auf Intervallen muss sie daher nach <a class="ref" href="8_1.xml#5" target="_blank">[8.1.5]</a> integrierbar sein! </p>
<p>Eine ihrer Stammfunktionen auf <math xmlns='http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML' display='inline'>
 <mstyle displaystyle='true'><semantics>
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</math> zeichnen wir durch einen eigenen Namen aus. Wir verwenden dabei den Hauptsatz <a class="ref" href="8_2.xml#13" target="_blank">[8.2.13]</a>:</p>

<table class="main"><tr><td class="main">

<p><u><b>Definition:</b></u> &#160;Die Funktion <math xmlns='http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML' display='inline'>
 <mstyle displaystyle='true'><semantics>
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   <mi>ln</mi><mo>&#x2061;</mo><mo>:</mo><msup>
    <mi>&#x211D;</mi>
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     <mo>&#x003E;</mo><mn>0</mn>
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   <mo>&#x2192;</mo><mi>&#x211D;</mi>
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</math>, gegeben durch </p>

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<math xmlns='http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML' display='inline'>
 <mstyle displaystyle='true'><semantics>
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   <mi>ln</mi><mo>&#x2061;</mo><mo stretchy='false'>(</mo><mi>x</mi><mo stretchy='false'>)</mo><mo lspace='0.2em' rspace='0.2em' fontsize='13pt'>&#x2254;</mo><mrow><munderover>
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</math> 
 </div></td><td class="num" width="80px">
<span class="num"><a name="1">[8.7.1]</a></span></td></tr></table>

<p>heißt der (natürliche) <u>Logarithmus</u> oder auch die (natürliche) <u>Logarithmusfunktion</u>.</p>
</td></tr></table>

<p><span class="num" style="color:black"><tt>Beachte</tt>:</span></p>
<ul>  
 <li>
<p>Der Funktionsname <math xmlns='http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML' display='inline'>
 <mstyle displaystyle='true'><semantics>
  <mrow>
   <mi>ln</mi><mo>&#x2061;</mo>
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 <annotation encoding='MathType-MTEF'>
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</math> ist die Abkürzung des lateinischen Namens <i>logarithmus naturalis</i>.</p>
 </li>
 <li>
<p>Wie bei den trigonometrischen Funktionen auch ist es üblich, <math xmlns='http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML' display='inline'>
 <mstyle displaystyle='true'><semantics>
  <mrow>
   <mi>ln</mi><mo>&#x2061;</mo><mi>x</mi>
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 <annotation encoding='MathType-MTEF'>
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</math> statt <math xmlns='http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML' display='inline'>
 <mstyle displaystyle='true'><semantics>
  <mrow>
   <mi>ln</mi><mo>&#x2061;</mo><mo stretchy='false'>(</mo><mi>x</mi><mo stretchy='false'>)</mo>
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</math> zu schreiben.</p>
 </li>
 <li>
<p>Die untere Integrationsgrenze 1 in <a class="ref" href="#1">[8.7.1]</a> legt den Wert <math xmlns='http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML' display='inline'>
 <mstyle displaystyle='true'><semantics>
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   <mi>ln</mi><mo>&#x2061;</mo><mn>1</mn><mo>=</mo><mn>0</mn>
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</math> fest.</p>
 </li><a name="indu"></a>
 <li>
<p>Als Stammfunktion zu <math xmlns='http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML' display='inline'>
 <mstyle displaystyle='true'><semantics>
  <mrow>
   <mfrac>
    <mn>1</mn>
    <mi mathvariant='normal'>X</mi>
   </mfrac>
   <mo stretchy='false' lspace='0.2em' rspace='0.2em' mathsize='16pt'>&#x007C;</mo><msup>
    <mi>&#x211D;</mi>
    <mrow>
     <mo>&#x003E;</mo><mn>0</mn>
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</math> ist ln bereits differenzierbar mit <math xmlns='http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML' display='inline'>
 <mstyle displaystyle='true'><semantics>
  <mrow>
   <msup><mi>ln</mi><mo>&#x2032;</mo></msup><mo>=</mo><mfrac>
    <mn>1</mn>
    <mi mathvariant='normal'>X</mi>
   </mfrac>
   <mo stretchy='false' lspace='0.2em' rspace='0.2em' mathsize='16pt'>&#x007C;</mo><msup>
    <mi>&#x211D;</mi>
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     <mo>&#x003E;</mo><mn>0</mn>
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 <annotation encoding='MathType-MTEF'>
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</math>. Damit ist ln sofort beliebig oft differenzierbar,&#160; <math xmlns='http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML' display='inline'>
 <mstyle displaystyle='true'><semantics>
  <mrow>
   <mi>ln</mi><mo>&#x2061;</mo><mo>&#x2208;</mo><msup>
    <mi>C</mi>
    <mi>&#x221E;</mi>
   </msup>
   <mo stretchy='false'>(</mo><msup>
    <mi>&#x211D;</mi>
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     <mo>&#x003E;</mo><mn>0</mn>
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   <mo stretchy='false'>)</mo>
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</math>, und insbesondere auch stetig (<a class="ref" href="../Differentialrechnung/7_5.xml#2" target="_blank">[7.5.2]</a>).</p>
 </li> 
 <li>
<p>Als stetige Funktion ist <math xmlns='http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML' display='inline'>
 <mstyle displaystyle='true'><semantics>
  <mrow>
   <mi>ln</mi><mo>&#x2061;</mo>
  </mrow>
 <annotation encoding='MathType-MTEF'>
 MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaciiBaiaac6gaaaa@37D0@</annotation>
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</math> auf dem Intervall <math xmlns='http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML' display='inline'>
 <mstyle displaystyle='true'><semantics>
  <mrow>
   <msup>
    <mi>&#x211D;</mi>
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     <mo>&#x003E;</mo><mn>0</mn>
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 <annotation encoding='MathType-MTEF'>
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</math> integrierbar. Mit Hilfe der partiellen Integration <a class="ref" href="8_3.xml#1" target="_blank">[8.3.1]</a> (und einem kleinen Trick) können wir eine ihrer Stammfunktionen über den Hauptsatz errechnen. Für <math xmlns='http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML' display='inline'>
 <mstyle displaystyle='true'><semantics>
  <mrow>
   <mi>x</mi><mo>&#x2208;</mo><msup>
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 <annotation encoding='MathType-MTEF'>
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</semantics></mstyle>
</math> ist nämlich:</p>
<div>
<math xmlns='http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML' display='inline'>
 <mstyle displaystyle='true'><semantics>
  <mrow>
   <mrow><munderover>
    <mo stretchy='true'>&#x222B;</mo>
    <mn>1</mn>
    <mi>x</mi>
   </munderover>
   <mrow>
    <mi>ln</mi><mo>&#x2061;</mo>
   </mrow>
  </mrow>
  <mo rspace='0.3em' lspace='0.3em'>=</mo><mrow><munderover>
   <mo stretchy='true'>&#x222B;</mo>
   <mn>1</mn>
   <mi>x</mi>
  </munderover>
  <mrow>
   <mn>1</mn><mo lspace='0.1em' rspace='0.1em'>&#x22C5;</mo><mi>ln</mi><mo>&#x2061;</mo>
  </mrow>
 </mrow><mrow><mphantom><mspace width='0pt' height='12pt'/></mphantom>
 <mo rspace='0.3em' lspace='0.3em'>=</mo><mi mathvariant='normal'>X</mi><mo lspace='0.1em' rspace='0.1em'>&#x22C5;</mo><mi>ln</mi><mo>&#x2061;</mo><msubsup>
  <mo stretchy='true' lspace='0.2em' rspace='0.2em'>&#x007C;</mo>
  <mn>1</mn>
  <mi>x</mi>
 </msubsup>
 <mo rspace='0.3em' lspace='0.3em'>&#x2212;</mo></mrow><mrow><munderover>
  <mo stretchy='true'>&#x222B;</mo>
  <mn>1</mn>
  <mi>x</mi>
 </munderover>
 <mrow>
  <mi mathvariant='normal'>X</mi><mo lspace='0.1em' rspace='0.1em'>&#x22C5;</mo><mfrac>
   <mn>1</mn>
   <mi mathvariant='normal'>X</mi>
  </mfrac>
  
 </mrow>
</mrow>
<mo rspace='0.3em' lspace='0.3em'>=</mo><mi>x</mi><mo lspace='0.1em' rspace='0.1em'>&#x22C5;</mo><mi>ln</mi><mo>&#x2061;</mo><mi>x</mi><mo rspace='0.3em' lspace='0.3em'>&#x2212;</mo><mrow><munderover>
 <mo stretchy='true'>&#x222B;</mo>
 <mn>1</mn>
 <mi>x</mi>
</munderover>
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
<mo rspace='0.3em' lspace='0.3em'>=</mo><mi>x</mi><mo lspace='0.1em' rspace='0.1em'>&#x22C5;</mo><mi>ln</mi><mo>&#x2061;</mo><mi>x</mi><mo>&#x2212;</mo><mi>x</mi><mo>+</mo><mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding='MathType-MTEF'>
MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=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@70B2@</annotation>
</semantics></mstyle>
</math>
</div>
<p>Also ist (auch) <math xmlns='http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML' display='inline'>
 <mstyle displaystyle='true'><semantics>
  <mrow>
   <mi mathvariant='normal'>X</mi><mo lspace='0.1em' rspace='0.1em'>&#x22C5;</mo><mi>ln</mi><mo>&#x2061;</mo><mo>&#x2212;</mo><mi mathvariant='normal'>X</mi><mo>=</mo><mi mathvariant='normal'>X</mi><mo lspace='0.1em' rspace='0.1em'>&#x22C5;</mo><mo stretchy='false'>(</mo><mi>ln</mi><mo>&#x2061;</mo><mo>&#x2212;</mo><mn>1</mn><mo stretchy='false'>)</mo>
  </mrow>
 <annotation encoding='MathType-MTEF'>
 MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamiwaiabgwSixlGacYgacaGGUbGaeyOeI0Iaamiwaiabg2da9iaadIfacqGHflY1caGGOaGaciiBaiaac6gacqGHsislcaaIXaGaaiykaaaa@45D3@</annotation>
</semantics></mstyle>
</math> eine Stammfunktion zu <math xmlns='http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML' display='inline'>
 <mstyle displaystyle='true'><semantics>
  <mrow>
   <mi>ln</mi><mo>&#x2061;</mo>
  </mrow>
 <annotation encoding='MathType-MTEF'>
 MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaciiBaiaac6gaaaa@37D0@</annotation>
</semantics></mstyle>
</math>.</p>
 </li>
 <li>
<p>Mit der Kettenregel <a class="ref" href="../Differentialrechnung/7_7.xml#8" target="_blank">[7.7.8]</a> und der Ableitung von <math xmlns='http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML' display='inline'>
 <mstyle displaystyle='true'><semantics>
  <mrow>
   <mo stretchy='false' lspace='0.2em' rspace='0.2em'>&#x007C;</mo><mi mathvariant='normal'>X</mi><mo stretchy='false' lspace='0.2em' rspace='0.2em'>&#x007C;</mo>
  </mrow>
 <annotation encoding='MathType-MTEF'>
 MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaaiiFaiaadIfacaGG8baaaa@38C9@</annotation>
</semantics></mstyle>
</math> (siehe <a class="ref" href="../Differentialrechnung/7_4.xml#3" target="_blank">[7.4.3]</a>) berechnen wir</p>
<div>
<math xmlns='http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML' display='inline'>
 <mstyle displaystyle='true'><semantics>
  <mrow>
   <mo stretchy='false'>(</mo><mi>ln</mi><mo>&#x2061;</mo><mo>&#x2218;</mo><mo stretchy='false' lspace='0.2em' rspace='0.2em'>&#x007C;</mo><mi mathvariant='normal'>X</mi><mo stretchy='false' lspace='0.2em' rspace='0.2em'>&#x007C;</mo><msup>
    <mo stretchy='false'>)</mo>
    <mo>&#x2032;</mo>
   </msup>
   <mo>=</mo><mfrac>
    <mn>1</mn>
    <mrow>
     <mo stretchy='false' lspace='0.2em' rspace='0.2em'>&#x007C;</mo><mi mathvariant='normal'>X</mi><mo stretchy='false' lspace='0.2em' rspace='0.2em'>&#x007C;</mo>
    </mrow>
   </mfrac>
   <mo lspace='0.1em' rspace='0.1em'>&#x22C5;</mo><mfrac>
    <mrow>
     <mo stretchy='false' lspace='0.2em' rspace='0.2em'>&#x007C;</mo><mi mathvariant='normal'>X</mi><mo stretchy='false' lspace='0.2em' rspace='0.2em'>&#x007C;</mo>
    </mrow>
    <mi mathvariant='normal'>X</mi>
   </mfrac>
   <mo>=</mo><mfrac>
    <mn>1</mn>
    <mi mathvariant='normal'>X</mi>
   </mfrac>
   
  </mrow>
 <annotation encoding='MathType-MTEF'>
 MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaaiikaiGacYgacaGGUbGaeSigI8MaaiiFaiaadIfacaGG8bGabiykayaafaGaeyypa0ZaaSaaaeaacaaIXaaabaGaaiiFaiaadIfacaGG8baaaiabgwSixpaalaaabaGaaiiFaiaadIfacaGG8baabaGaamiwaaaacqGH9aqpdaWcaaqaaiaaigdaaeaacaWGybaaaaaa@4ABC@</annotation>
</semantics></mstyle>
</math>,
</div>
<p>so dass wir <math xmlns='http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML' display='inline'>
 <mstyle displaystyle='true'><semantics>
  <mrow>
   <mi>ln</mi><mo>&#x2061;</mo><mo>&#x2218;</mo><mo stretchy='false' lspace='0.2em' rspace='0.2em'>&#x007C;</mo><mi mathvariant='normal'>X</mi><mo stretchy='false' lspace='0.2em' rspace='0.2em'>&#x007C;</mo>
  </mrow>
 <annotation encoding='MathType-MTEF'>
 MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaciiBaiaac6gacqWIyiYBcaGG8bGaamiwaiaacYhaaaa@3BE7@</annotation>
</semantics></mstyle>
</math> als eine Stammfunktion zur vollständigen Kehrwertfunktion <math xmlns='http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML' display='inline'>
 <mstyle displaystyle='true'><semantics>
  <mrow>
   <mfrac>
    <mn>1</mn>
    <mi mathvariant='normal'>X</mi>
   </mfrac>
   
  </mrow>
 <annotation encoding='MathType-MTEF'>
 MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaWaaSaaaeaacaaIXaaabaGaamiwaaaaaaa@3794@</annotation>
</semantics></mstyle>
</math> bestätigen können.</p><br/>&#160;
 </li>
</ul>
<p>Weitere Eigenschaften der Logarithmusfunktion lassen sich direkt aus der Integraldarstellung gewinnen.</p>

<table class="main"><tr><td class="main">

<p><u><b>Bemerkung:</b></u> &#160;</p>

<table><tr><td class="def">
<p style="margin-left:15px">1.&#160;&#160;&#160;<math xmlns='http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML' display='inline'>
 <mstyle displaystyle='true'><semantics>
  <mrow>
   <mi>ln</mi><mo>&#x2061;</mo><mn>1</mn><mo>=</mo><mn>0</mn>
  </mrow>
 <annotation encoding='MathType-MTEF'>
 MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaciiBaiaac6gacaaIXaGaeyypa0JaaGimaaaa@3A4B@</annotation>
</semantics></mstyle>
</math></p>
</td><td class="num" width="80px">
<span class="num"><a name="2">[8.7.2]</a></span></td></tr>
<tr><td class="def">
<p style="margin-left:15px">2.&#160;&#160;&#160;<math xmlns='http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML' display='inline'>
 <mstyle displaystyle='true'><semantics>
  <mrow>
   <mi>ln</mi><mo>&#x2061;</mo>
  </mrow>
 <annotation encoding='MathType-MTEF'>
 MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaciiBaiaac6gaaaa@37D0@</annotation>
</semantics></mstyle>
</math> ist streng monoton wachsend</p>
</td><td class="num" width="80px">
<span class="num"><a name="3">[8.7.3]</a></span></td></tr>
<tr><td class="def">
<p style="margin-left:15px">3.&#160;&#160;&#160;<math xmlns='http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML' display='inline'>
 <mstyle displaystyle='true'><semantics>
  <mrow>
   <mi>ln</mi><mo>&#x2061;</mo><mi>x</mi><mo>&#x003C;</mo><mn>0</mn>
  </mrow>
 <annotation encoding='MathType-MTEF'>
 MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaciiBaiaac6gacaWG4bGaeyipaWJaaGimaaaa@3A8B@</annotation>
</semantics></mstyle>
</math>&#160; für alle <math xmlns='http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML' display='inline'>
 <mstyle displaystyle='true'><semantics>
  <mrow>
   <mn>0</mn><mo>&#x003C;</mo><mi>x</mi><mo>&#x003C;</mo><mn>1</mn>
  </mrow>
 <annotation encoding='MathType-MTEF'>
 MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaaGimaiabgYda8iaadIhacqGH8aapcaaIXaaaaa@3A66@</annotation>
</semantics></mstyle>
</math></p>
</td><td class="num" width="80px">
<span class="num"><a name="4">[8.7.4]</a></span></td></tr>
<tr><td class="def">
<p style="margin-left:15px">4.&#160;&#160;&#160;<math xmlns='http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML' display='inline'>
 <mstyle displaystyle='true'><semantics>
  <mrow>
   <mi>ln</mi><mo>&#x2061;</mo><mi>x</mi><mo>&#x003E;</mo><mn>0</mn>
  </mrow>
 <annotation encoding='MathType-MTEF'>
 MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaciiBaiaac6gacaWG4bGaeyOpa4JaaGimaaaa@3A8F@</annotation>
</semantics></mstyle>
</math>&#160; für alle <math xmlns='http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML' display='inline'>
 <mstyle displaystyle='true'><semantics>
  <mrow>
   <mi>x</mi><mo>&#x003E;</mo><mn>1</mn>
  </mrow>
 <annotation encoding='MathType-MTEF'>
 MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamiEaiabg6da+iaaigdaaaa@38AC@</annotation>
</semantics></mstyle>
</math></p>
</td><td class="num" width="80px">
<span class="num"><a name="5">[8.7.5]</a></span></td></tr></table>

<p class="beweis"><i>Beweis</i>: &#160;</p>
<p>1.&#160;<font size="2">&#9658;</font>&#160;&#160;&#160;<math xmlns='http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML' display='inline'>
 <mstyle displaystyle='true'><semantics>
  <mrow>
   <mi>ln</mi><mo>&#x2061;</mo><mn>1</mn><mo rspace='0.3em' lspace='0.3em'>=</mo><mrow><munderover>
    <mo stretchy='true'>&#x222B;</mo>
    <mn>1</mn>
    <mn>1</mn>
   </munderover>
   <mrow>
    <mfrac>
     <mn>1</mn>
     <mi mathvariant='normal'>X</mi>
    </mfrac>
    
   </mrow>
  </mrow>
  <mo rspace='0.3em' lspace='0.3em'>=</mo><mn>0</mn>
 </mrow>
<annotation encoding='MathType-MTEF'>
MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaciiBaiaac6gacaaIXaGaeyypa0Zaa8qCaeaadaWcaaqaaiaaigdaaeaacaWGybaaaaWcbaGaaGymaaqaaiaaigdaa0Gaey4kIipakiabg2da9iaaicdaaaa@40E2@</annotation>
</semantics></mstyle>
</math></p>
<p>2.&#160;<font size="2">&#9658;</font>&#160;&#160;&#160;Für alle <math xmlns='http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML' display='inline'>
 <mstyle displaystyle='true'><semantics>
  <mrow>
   <mi>x</mi><mo>&#x003E;</mo><mn>0</mn>
  </mrow>
 <annotation encoding='MathType-MTEF'>
 MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamiEaiabg6da+iaaicdaaaa@38AB@</annotation>
</semantics></mstyle>
</math> ist <math xmlns='http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML' display='inline'>
 <mstyle displaystyle='true'><semantics>
  <mrow>
   <msup><mi>ln</mi><mo>&#x2032;</mo></msup><mo>&#x2061;</mo><mo stretchy='false'>(</mo><mi>x</mi><mo stretchy='false'>)</mo><mo>=</mo><mfrac>
    <mn>1</mn>
    <mi>x</mi>
   </mfrac>
   <mo>&#x003E;</mo><mn>0</mn>
  </mrow>
 <annotation encoding='MathType-MTEF'>
 MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaciiBaiaac6gacaGGNaGaaiikaiaadIhacaGGPaGaeyypa0ZaaSaaaeaacaaIXaaabaGaamiEaaaacqGH+aGpcaaIWaaaaa@3F61@</annotation>
</semantics></mstyle>
</math>. Die Behauptung folgt also aus der strengen Variante des Monotoniesatzes <a class="ref" href="../Differentialrechnung/7_10.xml#5" target="_blank">[7.10.5]</a>.</p>
<p>3. und 4. ergeben sich direkt aus 1. und 2.</p>
</td></tr></table>

<p><img style="float:right; margin-left:15px; margin-top:-10px" src="loga.png" width="341" height="229"/>Bereits aus diesen wenigen Angaben läßt sich der charakteristische Graphenverlauf des Logarithmus ableiten. Die unterstellte  Unbeschränktheit wird allerdings erst am Ende dieses Abschnitts durch den Nachweis der Umkehrbarkeit erhärtet.</p>
<!--<div>
<applet code="Graph.class" width="449" height="220"><param name="func" value="ln"/></applet>
</div>-->

<p>Mit Hilfe der Substitutionsregel gelingt es, die typischen Rechenregeln für den Logarithmus, die <i>Logarithmengesetze</i>, zu beweisen.</p>
<table class="main"><tr><td class="main">

<p><u><b>Bemerkung&#160;(</b><i>Rechenregeln&#160;für</i>&#160;ln<b>):</b></u> &#160;Für alle <math xmlns='http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML' display='inline'>
 <mstyle displaystyle='true'><semantics>
  <mrow>
   <mi>a</mi><mo>,</mo><mi>b</mi><mo>&#x2208;</mo><msup>
    <mi>&#x211D;</mi>
    <mrow>
     <mo>&#x003E;</mo><mn>0</mn>
    </mrow>
   </msup>
   
  </mrow>
 <annotation encoding='MathType-MTEF'>
 MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamyyaiaacYcacaWGIbGaeyicI4SaeSyhHe6aaWbaaSqabeaacqGH+aGpcaaIWaaaaaaa@3D4C@</annotation>
</semantics></mstyle>
</math>, <math xmlns='http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML' display='inline'>
 <mstyle displaystyle='true'><semantics>
  <mrow>
   <mi>n</mi><mo>&#x2208;</mo><mi>&#x2124;</mi>
  </mrow>
 <annotation encoding='MathType-MTEF'>
 MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamOBaiabgIGiolablssiIcaa@39DB@</annotation>
</semantics></mstyle>
</math> gilt:</p>

<table><tr><td class="def">
<p style="margin-left:15px">1.&#160;&#160;&#160;<math xmlns='http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML' display='inline'>
 <mstyle displaystyle='true'><semantics>
  <mrow>
   <mi>ln</mi><mspace width='0.2em'/><mo>&#x2061;</mo><msup>
    <mi>a</mi>
    <mi>n</mi>
   </msup>
   <mo>=</mo><mi>n</mi><mo lspace='0.1em' rspace='0.1em'>&#x22C5;</mo><mi>ln</mi><mo>&#x2061;</mo><mi>a</mi>
  </mrow>
 <annotation encoding='MathType-MTEF'>
 MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaciiBaiaac6gacaWGHbWaaWbaaSqabeaacaWGUbaaaOGaeyypa0JaamOBaiabgwSixlGacYgacaGGUbGaamyyaaaa@40ED@</annotation>
</semantics></mstyle>
</math></p>
</td><td class="num" width="80px">
<span class="num"><a name="6">[8.7.6]</a></span></td></tr>
<tr><td class="def">
<p style="margin-left:15px">2.&#160;&#160;&#160;<math xmlns='http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML' display='inline'>
 <mstyle displaystyle='true'><semantics>
  <mrow>
   <mi>ln</mi><mspace width='0.2em'/><mo>&#x2061;</mo><mfrac>
    <mn>1</mn>
    <mi>b</mi>
   </mfrac>
   <mo>=</mo><mo>&#x2212;</mo><mspace width='0.2em'/><mi>ln</mi><mo>&#x2061;</mo><mi>b</mi>
  </mrow>
 <annotation encoding='MathType-MTEF'>
 MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaciiBaiaac6gadaWcaaqaaiaaigdaaeaacaWGIbaaaiabg2da9iabgkHiTiGacYgacaGGUbGaamOyaaaa@3E40@</annotation>
</semantics></mstyle>
</math></p>
</td><td class="num" width="80px">
<span class="num"><a name="7">[8.7.7]</a></span></td></tr>
<tr><td class="def">
<p style="margin-left:15px">3.&#160;&#160;&#160;<math xmlns='http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML' display='inline'>
 <mstyle displaystyle='true'><semantics>
  <mrow>
   <mi>ln</mi><mo>&#x2061;</mo><mi>a</mi><mo lspace='0.1em' rspace='0.1em'>&#x22C5;</mo><mi>b</mi><mo>=</mo><mi>ln</mi><mo>&#x2061;</mo><mi>a</mi><mo>+</mo><mi>ln</mi><mo>&#x2061;</mo><mi>b</mi>
  </mrow>
 <annotation encoding='MathType-MTEF'>
 MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaciiBaiaac6gacaWGHbGaeyyXICTaamOyaiabg2da9iGacYgacaGGUbGaamyyaiabgUcaRiGacYgacaGGUbGaamOyaaaa@4364@</annotation>
</semantics></mstyle>
</math></p>
</td><td class="num" width="80px">
<span class="num"><a name="8">[8.7.8]</a></span></td></tr>
<tr><td class="def">
<p style="margin-left:15px">4.&#160;&#160;&#160;<math xmlns='http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML' display='inline'>
 <mstyle displaystyle='true'><semantics>
  <mrow>
   <mi>ln</mi><mspace width='0.2em'/><mo>&#x2061;</mo><mfrac>
    <mi>a</mi>
    <mi>b</mi>
   </mfrac>
   <mo>=</mo><mi>ln</mi><mo>&#x2061;</mo><mi>a</mi><mo>&#x2212;</mo><mi>ln</mi><mo>&#x2061;</mo><mi>b</mi>
  </mrow>
 <annotation encoding='MathType-MTEF'>
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</semantics></mstyle>
</math></p>
</td><td class="num" width="80px">
<span class="num"><a name="9">[8.7.9]</a></span></td></tr>
<tr><td class="def">
<p style="margin-left:15px">5.&#160;&#160;&#160;<math xmlns='http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML' display='inline'>
 <mstyle displaystyle='true'><semantics>
  <mrow>
   <mi>ln</mi><mspace width='0.2em'/><mo>&#x2061;</mo><mroot>
    <mrow><mspace height='1.4ex' depth='0.1ex'/><mi>a</mi></mrow>
    <mi>n</mi>
   </mroot>
   <mo>=</mo><mfrac>
    <mn>1</mn>
    <mi>n</mi>
   </mfrac>
   <mo lspace='0.1em' rspace='0.1em'>&#x22C5;</mo><mi>ln</mi><mo>&#x2061;</mo><mi>a</mi>
  </mrow>
 <annotation encoding='MathType-MTEF'>
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</semantics></mstyle>
</math>&#160; &#160;für <math xmlns='http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML' display='inline'>
 <mstyle displaystyle='true'><semantics>
  <mrow>
   <mi>n</mi><mo>&#x003E;</mo><mn>0</mn>
  </mrow>
 <annotation encoding='MathType-MTEF'>
 MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamOBaiabg6da+iaaicdaaaa@38A1@</annotation>
</semantics></mstyle>
</math></p>
</td><td class="num" width="80px">
<span class="num"><a name="10">[8.7.10]</a></span></td></tr></table>

<p class="beweis"><i>Beweis</i>: &#160;</p>
<p>1.&#160;<font size="2">&#9658;</font> &#160; Wir setzen die Substitutionsregel <a class="ref" href="8_3.xml#5" target="_blank">[8.3.5]</a> ein:</p>
<div>
<math xmlns='http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML' display='inline'>
 <mstyle displaystyle='true'><semantics>
  <mrow>
   <mi>ln</mi><mo>&#x2061;</mo><mspace width='0.2em'/><msup>
    <mi>a</mi>
    <mi>n</mi>
   </msup>
   <mo rspace='0.3em' lspace='0.3em'>=</mo><mrow><munderover>
    <mo stretchy='true'>&#x222B;</mo>
    <mn>1</mn>
    <mrow>
     <msup>
      <mi>a</mi>
      <mi>n</mi>
     </msup>
     
    </mrow>
   </munderover>
   <mrow>
    <mfrac>
     <mn>1</mn>
     <mi mathvariant='normal'>X</mi>
    </mfrac>
    
   </mrow>
  </mrow>
  <mo rspace='0.3em' lspace='0.3em'>=</mo><mrow><munderover>
   <mo stretchy='true'>&#x222B;</mo>
   <mrow>
    <msup>
     <mi mathvariant='normal'>X</mi>
     <mi>n</mi>
    </msup>
    <mo stretchy='false'>(</mo><mn>1</mn><mo stretchy='false'>)</mo>
   </mrow>
   <mrow>
    <msup>
     <mi mathvariant='normal'>X</mi>
     <mi>n</mi>
    </msup>
    <mo stretchy='false'>(</mo><mi>a</mi><mo stretchy='false'>)</mo>
   </mrow>
  </munderover>
  <mrow>
   <mfrac>
    <mn>1</mn>
    <mi mathvariant='normal'>X</mi>
   </mfrac>
   
  </mrow>
 </mrow>
 <mo rspace='0.3em' lspace='0.3em'>=</mo><mrow><munderover>
  <mo stretchy='true'>&#x222B;</mo>
  <mn>1</mn>
  <mi>a</mi>
 </munderover>
 <mrow>
  <mfrac>
   <mn>1</mn>
   <mi mathvariant='normal'>X</mi>
  </mfrac>
  <mo>&#x2218;</mo><msup>
   <mi mathvariant='normal'>X</mi>
   <mi>n</mi>
  </msup>
  <mo lspace='0.1em' rspace='0.1em'>&#x22C5;</mo><mi>n</mi><mo lspace='0.1em' rspace='0.1em'>&#x22C5;</mo><msup>
   <mi mathvariant='normal'>X</mi>
   <mrow>
    <mi>n</mi><mo>&#x2212;</mo><mn>1</mn>
   </mrow>
  </msup>
  
 </mrow>
</mrow>
<mo rspace='0.3em' lspace='0.3em'>=</mo><mi>n</mi><mo lspace='0.1em' rspace='0.1em'>&#x22C5;</mo><mrow><mrow><munderover>
 <mo stretchy='true'>&#x222B;</mo>
 <mn>1</mn>
 <mi>a</mi>
</munderover></mrow>
<mrow>
 <mfrac>
  <mrow>
   <msup>
    <mi mathvariant='normal'>X</mi>
    <mrow>
     <mi>n</mi><mo>&#x2212;</mo><mn>1</mn>
    </mrow>
   </msup>
   
  </mrow>
  <mrow>
   <msup>
    <mi mathvariant='normal'>X</mi>
    <mi>n</mi>
   </msup>
   
  </mrow>
 </mfrac>
 
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo rspace='0.3em' lspace='0.3em'>=</mo><mi>n</mi><mo lspace='0.1em' rspace='0.1em'>&#x22C5;</mo><mrow><munderover>
 <mo stretchy='true'>&#x222B;</mo>
 <mn>1</mn>
 <mi>a</mi>
</munderover>
<mrow>
 <mfrac>
  <mn>1</mn>
  <mi mathvariant='normal'>X</mi>
 </mfrac>
 
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo rspace='0.3em' lspace='0.3em'>=</mo><mi>n</mi><mo lspace='0.1em' rspace='0.1em'>&#x22C5;</mo><mi>ln</mi><mo>&#x2061;</mo><mi>a</mi>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding='MathType-MTEF'>
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</semantics></mstyle>
</math>
</div>
<p>2.&#160;<font size="2">&#9658;</font> &#160; ergibt sich mit <math xmlns='http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML' display='inline'>
 <mstyle displaystyle='true'><semantics>
  <mrow>
   <mi>n</mi><mo>=</mo><mo>&#x2212;</mo><mn>1</mn>
  </mrow>
 <annotation encoding='MathType-MTEF'>
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</semantics></mstyle>
</math> direkt aus 1.</p>
<p>3.&#160;<font size="2">&#9658;</font> &#160; Wir arbeiten noch einmal mit der Substitutionsregel:</p>
<div>
<math xmlns='http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML' display='inline'>
 <mstyle displaystyle='true'><semantics>
  <mrow>
   <mi>ln</mi><mo>&#x2061;</mo><mi>a</mi><mo lspace='0.1em' rspace='0.1em'>&#x22C5;</mo><mi>b</mi><mo rspace='0.3em' lspace='0.3em'>=</mo><mrow><munderover>
    <mo stretchy='true'>&#x222B;</mo>
    <mn>1</mn>
    <mrow>
     <mi>a</mi><mo lspace='0.1em' rspace='0.1em'>&#x22C5;</mo><mi>b</mi>
    </mrow>
   </munderover>
   <mrow>
    <mfrac>
     <mn>1</mn>
     <mi mathvariant='normal'>X</mi>
    </mfrac>
    
   </mrow>
  </mrow>
  <mo rspace='0.3em' lspace='0.3em'>=</mo><mrow><munderover>
   <mo stretchy='true'>&#x222B;</mo>
   <mrow>
    <mi>b</mi><mi mathvariant='normal'>X</mi><mo stretchy='false'>(</mo><mstyle scriptlevel='1'>
     <mfrac>
      <mn>1</mn>
      <mi>b</mi>
     </mfrac>
    </mstyle>
    <mo stretchy='false'>)</mo>
   </mrow>
   <mrow>
    <mi>b</mi><mi mathvariant='normal'>X</mi><mo stretchy='false'>(</mo><mi>a</mi><mo stretchy='false'>)</mo>
   </mrow>
  </munderover>
  <mrow>
   <mfrac>
    <mn>1</mn>
    <mi mathvariant='normal'>X</mi>
   </mfrac>
   
  </mrow>
 </mrow>
 <mo rspace='0.3em' lspace='0.3em'>=</mo><mrow><munderover>
  <mo stretchy='true'>&#x222B;</mo>
  <mrow>
   <mstyle scriptlevel='1'>
    <mfrac>
     <mn>1</mn>
     <mi>b</mi>
    </mfrac>
   </mstyle>
   
  </mrow>
  <mi>a</mi>
 </munderover>
 <mrow>
  <mfrac>
   <mn>1</mn>
   <mi mathvariant='normal'>X</mi>
  </mfrac>
  
 </mrow>
</mrow>
<mo>&#x2218;</mo><mi>b</mi><mi mathvariant='normal'>X</mi><mo lspace='0.1em' rspace='0.1em'>&#x22C5;</mo><mi>b</mi><mo rspace='0.3em' lspace='0.3em'>=</mo><mrow><munderover>
 <mo stretchy='true'>&#x222B;</mo>
 <mrow>
  <mstyle scriptlevel='1'>
   <mfrac>
    <mn>1</mn>
    <mi>b</mi>
   </mfrac>
  </mstyle>
  
 </mrow>
 <mi>a</mi>
</munderover>
<mrow>
 <mfrac>
  <mn>1</mn>
  <mi mathvariant='normal'>X</mi>
 </mfrac>
 
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo rspace='0.3em' lspace='0.3em'>=</mo><mrow><munderover>
 <mo stretchy='true'>&#x222B;</mo>
 <mn>1</mn>
 <mi>a</mi>
</munderover>
<mrow>
 <mfrac>
  <mn>1</mn>
  <mi mathvariant='normal'>X</mi>
 </mfrac>
 
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo rspace='0.3em' lspace='0.3em'>&#x2212;</mo><mrow><munderover>
 <mo stretchy='true'>&#x222B;</mo>
 <mn>1</mn>
 <mrow>
  <mstyle scriptlevel='1'>
   <mfrac>
    <mn>1</mn>
    <mi>b</mi>
   </mfrac>
  </mstyle>
  
 </mrow>
</munderover>
<mrow>
 <mfrac>
  <mn>1</mn>
  <mi mathvariant='normal'>X</mi>
 </mfrac>
 
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo rspace='0.3em' lspace='0.3em'>=</mo><mi>ln</mi><mo>&#x2061;</mo><mi>a</mi><mo>&#x2212;</mo><mi>ln</mi><mo>&#x2061;</mo><mfrac>
 <mn>1</mn>
 <mi>b</mi>
</mfrac>
<munder>
 <mo rspace='0.5em' lspace='0.5em'>=</mo>
 <mrow>
  <mn>2.</mn>
 </mrow>
</munder>
<mi>ln</mi><mo>&#x2061;</mo><mi>a</mi><mo>+</mo><mi>ln</mi><mo>&#x2061;</mo><mi>b</mi>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding='MathType-MTEF'>
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</semantics></mstyle>
</math>
</div>
<p>4.&#160;<font size="2">&#9658;</font> &#160; führen wir auf 2. und 3. zurück:&#160; <math xmlns='http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML' display='inline'>
 <mstyle displaystyle='true'><semantics>
  <mrow>
   <mi>ln</mi><mspace width='0.2em'/><mo>&#x2061;</mo><mfrac>
    <mi>a</mi>
    <mi>b</mi>
   </mfrac>
   <mo>=</mo><mi>ln</mi><mo>&#x2061;</mo><mi>a</mi><mo lspace='0.1em' rspace='0.1em'>&#x22C5;</mo><mfrac>
    <mn>1</mn>
    <mi>b</mi>
   </mfrac>
   <mo>=</mo><mi>ln</mi><mo>&#x2061;</mo><mi>a</mi><mo>+</mo><mi>ln</mi><mspace width='0.2em'/><mo>&#x2061;</mo><mfrac>
    <mn>1</mn>
    <mi>b</mi>
   </mfrac>
   <mo>=</mo><mi>ln</mi><mo>&#x2061;</mo><mi>a</mi><mo>&#x2212;</mo><mi>ln</mi><mo>&#x2061;</mo><mi>b</mi>
  </mrow>
 <annotation encoding='MathType-MTEF'>
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</semantics></mstyle>
</math>.</p>
<p>5.&#160;<font size="2">&#9658;</font> &#160; Mit 1. hat man:&#160; <math xmlns='http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML' display='inline'>
 <mstyle displaystyle='true'><semantics>
  <mrow>
   <mi>ln</mi><mo>&#x2061;</mo><mi>a</mi><mo>=</mo><mi>ln</mi><mspace width='0.2em'/><mo>&#x2061;</mo><msup>
    <mrow>
     <mroot>
      <mrow><mspace height='1.4ex' depth='0.1ex'/><mi>a</mi></mrow>
      <mi>n</mi>
     </mroot>
     
    </mrow>
    <mi>n</mi>
   </msup>
   <mo>=</mo><mi>n</mi><mo lspace='0.1em' rspace='0.1em'>&#x22C5;</mo><mi>ln</mi><mspace width='0.2em'/><mo>&#x2061;</mo><mroot>
    <mrow><mspace height='1.4ex' depth='0.1ex'/><mi>a</mi></mrow>
    <mi>n</mi>
   </mroot>
   
  </mrow>
 <annotation encoding='MathType-MTEF'>
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</semantics></mstyle>
</math>, und damit die Behauptung.</p>
</td></tr></table>

<p>Für die weitere Untersuchung der Logarithmusfunktion benötigen wir als technisches Hilfsmittel eine Abschätzung, die sog. <i>zentrale Ungleichung</i> für <math xmlns='http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML' display='inline'>
 <mstyle displaystyle='true'><semantics>
  <mrow>
   <mi>ln</mi><mo>&#x2061;</mo>
  </mrow>
 <annotation encoding='MathType-MTEF'>
 MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaciiBaiaac6gaaaa@37D0@</annotation>
</semantics></mstyle>
</math>.</p>

<table class="main"><tr><td class="main">

<p><u><b>Bemerkung:</b></u> &#160;Für jedes <math xmlns='http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML' display='inline'>
 <mstyle displaystyle='true'><semantics>
  <mrow>
   <mi>x</mi><mo>&#x003E;</mo><mn>0</mn>
  </mrow>
 <annotation encoding='MathType-MTEF'>
 MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamiEaiabg6da+iaaicdaaaa@38AB@</annotation>
</semantics></mstyle>
</math> ist</p>

<table><tr><td class="def">
 <div>
<math xmlns='http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML' display='inline'>
 <mstyle displaystyle='true'><semantics>
  <mrow>
   <mn>1</mn><mo>&#x2212;</mo><mfrac>
    <mn>1</mn>
    <mi>x</mi>
   </mfrac>
   <mo>&#x2264;</mo><mi>ln</mi><mo>&#x2061;</mo><mi>x</mi><mo>&#x2264;</mo><mi>x</mi><mo>&#x2212;</mo><mn>1</mn>
  </mrow>
 <annotation encoding='MathType-MTEF'>
 MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaaGymaiabgkHiTmaalaaabaGaaGymaaqaaiaadIhaaaGaeyizImQaciiBaiaac6gacaWG4bGaeyizImQaamiEaiabgkHiTiaaigdaaaa@424C@</annotation>
</semantics></mstyle>
</math> 
 </div></td><td class="num" width="80px">
<span class="num"><a name="11">[8.7.11]</a></span></td></tr></table>

<p class="beweis"><i>Beweis</i>: &#160;Für <math xmlns='http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML' display='inline'>
 <mstyle displaystyle='true'><semantics>
  <mrow>
   <mi>x</mi><mo>=</mo><mn>1</mn>
  </mrow>
 <annotation encoding='MathType-MTEF'>
 MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamiEaiabg2da9iaaigdaaaa@38AA@</annotation>
</semantics></mstyle>
</math> ist nichts zu zeigen. Sei nun zunächst <math xmlns='http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML' display='inline'>
 <mstyle displaystyle='true'><semantics>
  <mrow>
   <mi>x</mi><mo>&#x003E;</mo><mn>1</mn>
  </mrow>
 <annotation encoding='MathType-MTEF'>
 MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamiEaiabg6da+iaaigdaaaa@38AC@</annotation>
</semantics></mstyle>
</math>. Da <math xmlns='http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML' display='inline'>
 <mstyle displaystyle='true'><semantics>
  <mrow>
   <mfrac>
    <mn>1</mn>
    <mrow>
     <msup>
      <mi>t</mi>
      <mn>2</mn>
     </msup>
     
    </mrow>
   </mfrac>
   <mo>&#x2264;</mo><mfrac>
    <mn>1</mn>
    <mi>t</mi>
   </mfrac>
   <mo>&#x2264;</mo><mn>1</mn>
  </mrow>
 <annotation encoding='MathType-MTEF'>
 MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaWaaSaaaeaacaaIXaaabaGaamiDamaaCaaaleqabaGaaGOmaaaaaaGccqGHKjYOdaWcaaqaaiaaigdaaeaacaWG0baaaiabgsMiJkaaigdaaaa@3E8C@</annotation>
</semantics></mstyle>
</math> für alle <math xmlns='http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML' display='inline'>
 <mstyle displaystyle='true'><semantics>
  <mrow>
   <mi>t</mi><mo>&#x2208;</mo><mo stretchy='false' rspace='0.1em'>[</mo><mn>1</mn><mo>,</mo><mi>x</mi><mo stretchy='false' lspace='0.1em'>]</mo>
  </mrow>
 <annotation encoding='MathType-MTEF'>
 MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamiDaiabgIGiolaacUfacaaIXaGaaiilaiaadIhacaGGDbaaaa@3C91@</annotation>
</semantics></mstyle>
</math>, folgt hier die Behauptung aus dem Monotonieverhalten des Integrals (<a class="ref" href="8_2.xml#10" target="_blank">[8.2.10]</a>):</p>
<div>
<math xmlns='http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML' display='inline'>
 <mstyle displaystyle='true'><semantics>
  <mrow>
   <mo>&#x2212;</mo><mfrac>
    <mn>1</mn>
    <mi>x</mi>
   </mfrac>
   <mo>+</mo><mn>1</mn><mo>=</mo><mo>&#x2212;</mo><mfrac>
    <mn>1</mn>
    <mi mathvariant='normal'>X</mi>
   </mfrac><mrow><mphantom><mspace width='0pt' height='12pt'/></mphantom>
   <msubsup>
    <mo stretchy='true' lspace='0.2em' rspace='0.2em'>&#x007C;</mo>
    <mn>1</mn>
    <mi>x</mi>
   </msubsup>
   <mo>=</mo></mrow><mrow><munderover>
    <mo stretchy='true'>&#x222B;</mo>
    <mn>1</mn>
    <mi>x</mi>
   </munderover>
   <mrow>
    <mfrac>
     <mn>1</mn>
     <mrow>
      <msup>
       <mi mathvariant='normal'>X</mi>
       <mn>2</mn>
      </msup>
      
     </mrow>
    </mfrac>
    
   </mrow>
  </mrow>
  <mo>&#x2264;</mo><munder>
   <munder>
    <mrow>
     <mrow><munderover>
      <mo stretchy='true'>&#x222B;</mo>
      <mn>1</mn>
      <mi>x</mi>
     </munderover>
     <mrow>
      <mfrac>
       <mn>1</mn>
       <mi mathvariant='normal'>X</mi>
      </mfrac>
      
     </mrow>
    </mrow>
    
   </mrow>
   <mo stretchy='true'>&#xFE38;</mo>
  </munder>
  <mrow>
   <mo>=</mo><mi>ln</mi><mo>&#x2061;</mo><mi>x</mi>
  </mrow>
 </munder>
 <mo>&#x2264;</mo><mrow><munderover>
  <mo stretchy='true'>&#x222B;</mo>
  <mn>1</mn>
  <mi>x</mi>
 </munderover>
 <mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo><mi>x</mi><mo>&#x2212;</mo><mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding='MathType-MTEF'>
MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaeyOeI0YaaSaaaeaacaaIXaaabaGaamiEaaaacqGHRaWkcaaIXaGaeyypa0JaeyOeI0YaaSaaaeaacaaIXaaabaGaamiwaaaacaGG8bWaa0baaSqaaiaaigdaaeaacaWG4baaaOGaeyypa0Zaa8qCaeaadaWcaaqaaiaaigdaaeaacaWGybWaaWbaaSqabeaacaaIYaaaaaaaaeaacaaIXaaabaGaamiEaaqdcqGHRiI8aOGaeyizIm6aaGbaaeaadaWdXbqaamaalaaabaGaaGymaaqaaiaadIfaaaaaleaacaaIXaaabaGaamiEaaqdcqGHRiI8aaWcbaGaeyypa0JaciiBaiaac6gacaWG4baakiaawIJ=aiabgsMiJoaapehabaGaaGymaaWcbaGaaGymaaqaaiaadIhaa0Gaey4kIipakiabg2da9iaadIhacqGHsislcaaIXaaaaa@602A@</annotation>
</semantics></mstyle>
</math>
</div>
<p>Ist <math xmlns='http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML' display='inline'>
 <mstyle displaystyle='true'><semantics>
  <mrow>
   <mn>0</mn><mo>&#x003C;</mo><mi>x</mi><mo>&#x003C;</mo><mn>1</mn>
  </mrow>
 <annotation encoding='MathType-MTEF'>
 MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaaGimaiabgYda8iaadIhacqGH8aapcaaIXaaaaa@3A66@</annotation>
</semantics></mstyle>
</math>, so ist <math xmlns='http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML' display='inline'>
 <mstyle displaystyle='true'><semantics>
  <mrow>
   <mfrac>
    <mn>1</mn>
    <mi>x</mi>
   </mfrac>
   <mo>&#x003E;</mo><mn>1</mn>
  </mrow>
 <annotation encoding='MathType-MTEF'>
 MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaWaaSaaaeaacaaIXaaabaGaamiEaaaacqGH+aGpcaaIXaaaaa@3977@</annotation>
</semantics></mstyle>
</math>. Also erhält man mit dem gerade gewonnenen Ergebnis:</p>
<div>
<math xmlns='http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML' display='inline'>
 <mstyle displaystyle='true'><semantics>
  <mrow>
   <mtable columnalign='left'>
    <mtr columnalign='left'>
     <mtd columnalign='left'>
      <mrow></mrow>
     </mtd>
     <mtd columnalign='left'>
      <mrow>
       <mn>1</mn><mo>&#x2212;</mo><mfrac>
        <mn>1</mn>
        <mrow>
         <mfrac>
          <mn>1</mn>
          <mi>x</mi>
         </mfrac>
         
        </mrow>
       </mfrac>
       <mo>&#x2264;</mo><mi>ln</mi><mspace width='0.2em'/><mo>&#x2061;</mo><mfrac>
        <mn>1</mn>
        <mi>x</mi>
       </mfrac>
       <mo>&#x2264;</mo><mfrac>
        <mn>1</mn>
        <mi>x</mi>
       </mfrac>
       <mo>&#x2212;</mo><mn>1</mn>
      </mrow>
     </mtd>
    </mtr>
    <mtr columnalign='left'>
     <mtd columnalign='left'>
      <mrow>
       <mo>&#x21D2;</mo><mtext>&#x2003;</mtext>
      </mrow>
     </mtd>
     <mtd columnalign='left'>
      <mrow>
       <mn>1</mn><mo>&#x2212;</mo><mi>x</mi><mo>&#x2264;</mo><mo>&#x2212;</mo><mi>ln</mi><mo>&#x2061;</mo><mi>x</mi><mo>&#x2264;</mo><mfrac>
        <mn>1</mn>
        <mi>x</mi>
       </mfrac>
       <mo>&#x2212;</mo><mn>1</mn>
      </mrow>
     </mtd>
    </mtr>
    <mtr columnalign='left'>
     <mtd columnalign='left'>
      <mrow>
       <mo>&#x21D2;</mo><mtext>&#x2003;</mtext>
      </mrow>
     </mtd>
     <mtd columnalign='left'>
      <mrow>
       <mi>x</mi><mo>&#x2212;</mo><mn>1</mn><mo>&#x2265;</mo><mi>ln</mi><mo>&#x2061;</mo><mi>x</mi><mo>&#x2265;</mo><mn>1</mn><mo>&#x2212;</mo><mfrac>
        <mn>1</mn>
        <mi>x</mi>
       </mfrac>
       
      </mrow>
     </mtd>
    </mtr>
    
   </mtable>
  </mrow>
 <annotation encoding='MathType-MTEF'>
 MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaqbaeaabmGaaaqaaaqaaiaaigdacqGHsisldaWcaaqaaiaaigdaaeaadaWcaaqaaiaaigdaaeaacaWG4baaaaaacqGHKjYOciGGSbGaaiOBamaalaaabaGaaGymaaqaaiaadIhaaaGaeyizIm6aaSaaaeaacaaIXaaabaGaamiEaaaacqGHsislcaaIXaaabaGaeyO0H4TaaGzbVdqaaiaaigdacqGHsislcaWG4bGaeyizImQaeyOeI0IaciiBaiaac6gacaWG4bGaeyizIm6aaSaaaeaacaaIXaaabaGaamiEaaaacqGHsislcaaIXaaabaGaeyO0H4TaaGzbVdqaaiaadIhacqGHsislcaaIXaGaeyyzImRaciiBaiaac6gacaWG4bGaeyyzImRaaGymaiabgkHiTmaalaaabaGaaGymaaqaaiaadIhaaaaaaaaa@6664@</annotation>
</semantics></mstyle>
</math>
</div>
</td></tr></table>

<p>Mit <math xmlns='http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML' display='inline'>
 <mstyle displaystyle='true'><semantics>
  <mrow>
   <mi>ln</mi><mo>&#x2061;</mo><mn>1</mn><mo>=</mo><mn>0</mn>
  </mrow>
 <annotation encoding='MathType-MTEF'>
 MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaciiBaiaac6gacaaIXaGaeyypa0JaaGimaaaa@3A4B@</annotation>
</semantics></mstyle>
</math> steht uns bisher erst ein Funktionswert des Logarithmus zur Verfügung. Über die zentrale Ungleichung können wir nun zusätzlich den Funktionswert der Eulerschen Zahl <math xmlns='http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML' display='inline'>
 <mstyle displaystyle='true'><semantics>
  <mrow>
   <mi>e</mi><mo>=</mo><mi>lim</mi><mo>&#x2061;</mo><msup>
    <mrow>
     <mo largeop='true' lspace='0.1em'>(</mo><mn>1</mn><mo>+</mo><mfrac>
      <mn>1</mn>
      <mi>n</mi>
     </mfrac>
     <mo largeop='true'>)</mo>
    </mrow>
    <mi>n</mi>
   </msup>
   
  </mrow>
 <annotation encoding='MathType-MTEF'>
 MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamyzaiabg2da9iGacYgacaGGPbGaaiyBaiaacIcacaaIXaGaey4kaSYaaSaaaeaacaaIXaaabaGaamOBaaaacaGGPaWaaWbaaSqabeaacaWGUbaaaaaa@4080@</annotation>
</semantics></mstyle>
</math> (siehe <a class="ref" href="../Folgen/5_7.xml#7" target="_blank">[5.7.7]</a>) ermitteln.</p>
<table class="main"><tr><td class="main">

<p><u><b>Bemerkung:</b></u> &#160;</p>

<table><tr><td class="def">
 <div>
<math xmlns='http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML' display='inline'>
 <mstyle displaystyle='true'><semantics>
  <mrow>
   <mi>ln</mi><mo>&#x2061;</mo><mi>e</mi><mo>=</mo><mn>1</mn>
  </mrow>
 <annotation encoding='MathType-MTEF'>
 MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaciiBaiaac6gacaWGLbGaeyypa0JaaGymaaaa@3A7B@</annotation>
</semantics></mstyle>
</math> 
 </div></td><td class="num" width="80px">
<span class="num"><a name="12">[8.7.12]</a></span></td></tr></table>

<p class="beweis"><i>Beweis</i>: &#160;Wir betrachten zunächst die Folge <math xmlns='http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML' display='inline'>
 <mstyle displaystyle='true'><semantics>
  <mrow>
   <mo stretchy='false' rspace='0.2em' fontweight='bold' fontsize='14pt' fontfamily='Courier'>(</mo><mi>ln</mi><mo>&#x2061;</mo><msup>
    <mrow>
     <mo largeop='true' lspace='0.2em'>(</mo><mn>1</mn><mo>+</mo><mfrac>
      <mn>1</mn>
      <mi>n</mi>
     </mfrac>
     <mo largeop='true'>)</mo>
    </mrow>
    <mi>n</mi>
   </msup>
   <mo stretchy='false' lspace='0.2em' fontweight='bold' fontsize='14pt' fontfamily='Courier'>)</mo><mo>=</mo><mo stretchy='false' rspace='0.2em' fontweight='bold' fontsize='14pt' fontfamily='Courier'>(</mo><mi>n</mi><mo lspace='0.1em' rspace='0.1em'>&#x22C5;</mo><mi>ln</mi><mspace width='0.2em'/><mo>&#x2061;</mo><mo stretchy='false'>(</mo><mn>1</mn><mo>+</mo><mfrac>
    <mn>1</mn>
    <mi>n</mi>
   </mfrac>
   <mo stretchy='false'>)</mo><mo stretchy='false' lspace='0.2em' fontweight='bold' fontsize='14pt' fontfamily='Courier'>)</mo>
  </mrow>
 <annotation encoding='MathType-MTEF'>
 MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaaiikaiGacYgacaGGUbGaaiikaiaaigdacqGHRaWkdaWcaaqaaiaaigdaaeaacaWGUbaaaiaacMcadaahaaWcbeqaaiaad6gaaaGccaGGPaGaeyypa0Jaaiikaiaad6gacqGHflY1ciGGSbGaaiOBaiaacIcacaaIXaGaey4kaSYaaSaaaeaacaaIXaaabaGaamOBaaaacaGGPaGaaiykaaaa@4B3B@</annotation>
</semantics></mstyle>
</math>. Mit <a class="ref" href="#11">[8.7.11]</a> gelingt die folgende Abschätzung:</p>
<div>
<math xmlns='http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML' display='inline'>
 <mstyle displaystyle='true'><semantics>
  <mrow>
   <mfrac>
    <mi>n</mi>
    <mrow>
     <mi>n</mi><mo>+</mo><mn>1</mn>
    </mrow>
   </mfrac>
   <mo>=</mo><mi>n</mi><mo lspace='0.1em' rspace='0.1em'>&#x22C5;</mo><mo stretchy='false'>(</mo><mn>1</mn><mo>&#x2212;</mo><mfrac>
    <mi>n</mi>
    <mrow>
     <mi>n</mi><mo>+</mo><mn>1</mn>
    </mrow>
   </mfrac>
   <mo stretchy='false'>)</mo><mo>=</mo><mi>n</mi><mo lspace='0.1em' rspace='0.1em'>&#x22C5;</mo><mo stretchy='false'>(</mo><mn>1</mn><mo>&#x2212;</mo><mfrac>
    <mn>1</mn>
    <mrow>
     <mn>1</mn><mo>+</mo><mfrac>
      <mn>1</mn>
      <mi>n</mi>
     </mfrac>
     
    </mrow>
   </mfrac>
   <mo stretchy='false'>)</mo><mo>&#x2264;</mo><mi>n</mi><mo lspace='0.1em' rspace='0.1em'>&#x22C5;</mo><mi>ln</mi><mspace width='0.2em'/><mo>&#x2061;</mo><mo stretchy='false'>(</mo><mn>1</mn><mo>+</mo><mfrac>
    <mn>1</mn>
    <mi>n</mi>
   </mfrac>
   <mo stretchy='false'>)</mo><mo>&#x2264;</mo><mi>n</mi><mo lspace='0.1em' rspace='0.1em'>&#x22C5;</mo><mfrac>
    <mn>1</mn>
    <mi>n</mi>
   </mfrac>
   <mo>=</mo><mn>1</mn>
  </mrow>
 <annotation encoding='MathType-MTEF'>
 MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaWaaSaaaeaacaWGUbaabaGaamOBaiabgUcaRiaaigdaaaGaeyypa0JaamOBaiabgwSixlaacIcacaaIXaGaeyOeI0YaaSaaaeaacaWGUbaabaGaamOBaiabgUcaRiaaigdaaaGaaiykaiabg2da9iaad6gacqGHflY1caGGOaGaaGymaiabgkHiTmaalaaabaGaaGymaaqaaiaaigdacqGHRaWkdaWcaaqaaiaaigdaaeaacaWGUbaaaaaacaGGPaGaeyizImQaamOBaiabgwSixlGacYgacaGGUbGaaiikaiaaigdacqGHRaWkdaWcaaqaaiaaigdaaeaacaWGUbaaaiaacMcacqGHKjYOcaWGUbGaeyyXIC9aaSaaaeaacaaIXaaabaGaamOBaaaacqGH9aqpcaaIXaaaaa@63BB@</annotation>
</semantics></mstyle>
</math>
</div>
<p>Da <math xmlns='http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML' display='inline'>
 <mstyle displaystyle='true'><semantics>
  <mrow>
   <mfrac>
    <mi>n</mi>
    <mrow>
     <mi>n</mi><mo>+</mo><mn>1</mn>
    </mrow>
   </mfrac>
   <mo>&#x2192;</mo><mn>1</mn>
  </mrow>
 <annotation encoding='MathType-MTEF'>
 MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaWaaSaaaeaacaWGUbaabaGaamOBaiabgUcaRiaaigdaaaGaeyOKH4QaaGymaaaa@3C27@</annotation>
</semantics></mstyle>
</math>, erhält man mit dem Schachtelsatz <a class="ref" href="../Folgen/5_5.xml#8" target="_blank">[5.5.8]</a>: <math xmlns='http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML' display='inline'>
 <mstyle displaystyle='true'><semantics>
  <mrow>
   <mi>ln</mi><mspace width='0.2em'/><mo>&#x2061;</mo><msup>
    <mrow>
     <mo largeop='true'>(</mo><mn>1</mn><mo>+</mo><mfrac>
      <mn>1</mn>
      <mi>n</mi>
     </mfrac>
     <mo largeop='true'>)</mo>
    </mrow>
    <mi>n</mi>
   </msup>
   <mo>&#x2192;</mo><mn>1</mn>
  </mrow>
 <annotation encoding='MathType-MTEF'>
 MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaciiBaiaac6gacaGGOaGaaGymaiabgUcaRmaalaaabaGaaGymaaqaaiaad6gaaaGaaiykamaaCaaaleqabaGaamOBaaaakiabgkziUkaaigdaaaa@4056@</annotation>
</semantics></mstyle>
</math>. Schließlich garantiert die Stetigkeit von ln die Behauptung:</p>
<div>
<math xmlns='http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML' display='inline'>
 <mstyle displaystyle='true'><semantics>
  <mrow>
   <mi>ln</mi><mo>&#x2061;</mo><mi>e</mi><mo>=</mo><mi>ln</mi><mspace width='0.2em'/><mo>&#x2061;</mo><mo stretchy='false'>(</mo><mi>lim</mi><mo>&#x2061;</mo><msup>
    <mrow>
     <mo largeop='true' lspace='0.2em'>(</mo><mn>1</mn><mo>+</mo><mfrac>
      <mn>1</mn>
      <mi>n</mi>
     </mfrac>
     <mo largeop='true'>)</mo>
    </mrow>
    <mi>n</mi>
   </msup>
   <mo stretchy='false'>)</mo><mo>=</mo><mi>lim</mi><mspace width='0.3em'/><mo>&#x2061;</mo><mi>ln</mi><mspace width='0.2em'/><mo>&#x2061;</mo><msup>
    <mrow>
     <mo largeop='true'>(</mo><mn>1</mn><mo>+</mo><mfrac>
      <mn>1</mn>
      <mi>n</mi>
     </mfrac>
     <mo largeop='true'>)</mo>
    </mrow>
    <mi>n</mi>
   </msup>
   <mo>=</mo><mn>1</mn>
  </mrow>
 <annotation encoding='MathType-MTEF'>
 MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaciiBaiaac6gacaWGLbGaeyypa0JaciiBaiaac6gacaGGOaGaciiBaiaacMgacaGGTbGaaiikaiaaigdacqGHRaWkdaWcaaqaaiaaigdaaeaacaWGUbaaaiaacMcadaahaaWcbeqaaiaad6gaaaGccaGGPaGaeyypa0JaciiBaiaacMgacaGGTbGaciiBaiaac6gacaGGOaGaaGymaiabgUcaRmaalaaabaGaaGymaaqaaiaad6gaaaGaaiykamaaCaaaleqabaGaamOBaaaakiabg2da9iaaigdaaaa@5304@</annotation>
</semantics></mstyle>
</math>
</div>
</td></tr></table>

<p>Interessanterweise ist es über die zentralen Ungleichung sogar möglich, Zugang zu <i>allen</i> Funktionswerten von ln zu finden. Dazu benötigen wir zunächst eine Erweiterung der zentralen Ungleichung: Wendet man <a class="ref" href="#11">[8.7.11]</a> auf <math xmlns='http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML' display='inline'>
 <mstyle displaystyle='true'><semantics>
  <mrow>
   <mroot><mrow><mspace height='1.4ex' depth='0.1ex'/>
      <mi>x</mi></mrow>
    <mi>n</mi>
   </mroot>
   
  </mrow>
 <annotation encoding='MathType-MTEF'>
 MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaWaaOqaaeaacaWG4baaleaacaWGUbaaaaaa@37F7@</annotation>
</semantics></mstyle>
</math>
 an, so erhält man mit <a class="ref" href="#10">[8.7.10]</a> für alle <math xmlns='http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML' display='inline'>
 <mstyle displaystyle='true'><semantics>
  <mrow>
   <mi>x</mi><mo>&#x003E;</mo><mn>0</mn>
  </mrow>
 <annotation encoding='MathType-MTEF'>
 MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamiEaiabg6da+iaaicdaaaa@38AB@</annotation>
</semantics></mstyle>
</math> die Abschätzung</p>
<table style="margin-left:-12px"><tr><td class="def">
 <div>
<math xmlns='http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML' display='inline'>
 <mstyle displaystyle='true'><semantics>
  <mrow>
   <mi>n</mi><mo stretchy='false'>(</mo><mn>1</mn><mo>&#x2212;</mo><mfrac>
    <mn>1</mn>
    <mrow>
     <mroot><mrow><mspace height='1.4ex' depth='0.1ex'/>
      <mi>x</mi></mrow>
      <mi>n</mi>
     </mroot>
     
    </mrow>
   </mfrac>
   <mo stretchy='false'>)</mo><mo>&#x2264;</mo><mi>ln</mi><mo>&#x2061;</mo><mi>x</mi><mo>&#x2264;</mo><mi>n</mi><mo stretchy='false'>(</mo><mroot>
    <mrow><mspace height='1.4ex' depth='0.1ex'/>
      <mi>x</mi></mrow>
    <mi>n</mi>
   </mroot>
   <mo>&#x2212;</mo><mn>1</mn><mo stretchy='false'>)</mo>
  </mrow>
 <annotation encoding='MathType-MTEF'>
 MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamOBaiaacIcacaaIXaGaeyOeI0YaaSaaaeaacaaIXaaabaWaaOqaaeaacaWG4baaleaacaWGUbaaaaaakiaacMcacqGHKjYOciGGSbGaaiOBaiaadIhacqGHKjYOcaWGUbGaaiikamaakeaabaGaamiEaaWcbaGaamOBaaaakiabgkHiTiaaigdacaGGPaaaaa@4914@</annotation>
</semantics></mstyle>
</math>. 
 </div></td><td class="num" width="80px">
<span class="num"><a name="13">[8.7.13]</a></span></td></tr></table>

<p>Die beiden einschachtelnden Folgen erweisen sich dabei als konvergent gegen einen gemeinsamen Limes:</p>
<table class="main"><tr><td class="main">
<p><u><b>Bemerkung:</b></u> &#160;Für alle <math xmlns='http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML' display='inline'>
 <mstyle displaystyle='true'><semantics>
  <mrow>
   <mi>x</mi><mo>&#x003E;</mo><mn>0</mn>
  </mrow>
 <annotation encoding='MathType-MTEF'>
 MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamiEaiabg6da+iaaicdaaaa@38AB@</annotation>
</semantics></mstyle>
</math> ist</p>

<table><tr><td class="def">
<p style="margin-left:10pt"><math xmlns='http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML' display='inline'>
 <mstyle displaystyle='true'><semantics>
  <mrow>
   <mi>ln</mi><mo>&#x2061;</mo><mi>x</mi><mo>=</mo><mi>lim</mi><mo>&#x2061;</mo><mi>n</mi><mo stretchy='false'>(</mo><mroot>
    <mrow><mspace height='1.4ex' depth='0.1ex'/>
      <mi>x</mi></mrow>
    <mi>n</mi>
   </mroot>
   <mo>&#x2212;</mo><mn>1</mn><mo stretchy='false'>)</mo>
  </mrow>
 <annotation encoding='MathType-MTEF'>
 MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaciiBaiaac6gacaWG4bGaeyypa0JaciiBaiaacMgacaGGTbGaamOBaiaacIcadaGcbaqaaiaadIhaaSqaaiaad6gaaaGccqGHsislcaaIXaGaaiykaaaa@42AC@</annotation>
</semantics></mstyle>
</math></p>
<p style="margin-left:10pt"><math xmlns='http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML' display='inline'>
 <mstyle displaystyle='true'><semantics>
  <mrow>
   <mi>ln</mi><mo>&#x2061;</mo><mi>x</mi><mo>=</mo><mi>lim</mi><mo>&#x2061;</mo><mi>n</mi><mo stretchy='false'>(</mo><mn>1</mn><mo>&#x2212;</mo><mfrac>
    <mn>1</mn>
    <mrow>
     <mroot>
      <mrow><mspace height='1.4ex' depth='0.1ex'/>
      <mi>x</mi></mrow>
      <mi>n</mi>
     </mroot>
     
    </mrow>
   </mfrac>
   <mo stretchy='false'>)</mo>
  </mrow>
 <annotation encoding='MathType-MTEF'>
 MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaciiBaiaac6gacaWG4bGaeyypa0JaciiBaiaacMgacaGGTbGaamOBaiaacIcacaaIXaGaeyOeI0YaaSaaaeaacaaIXaaabaWaaOqaaeaacaWG4baaleaacaWGUbaaaaaakiaacMcaaaa@4377@</annotation>
</semantics></mstyle>
</math></p>
</td><td class="num" width="80px">
<span class="num"><a name="14">[8.7.14]</a></span></td></tr></table>

<p class="beweis"><i>Beweis</i>: &#160;Wir beweisen beide Aussagen gleichzeitig und zeigen dazu der Reihe nach:</p>
<ol>
<li>
<p><math xmlns='http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML' display='inline'>
 <mstyle displaystyle='true'><semantics>
  <mrow>
   <mo stretchy='false' rspace='0.2em' fontweight='bold' fontsize='14pt' fontfamily='Courier'>(</mo><mi>n</mi><mo stretchy='false'>(</mo><mroot>
    <mrow><mspace height='1.4ex' depth='0.1ex'/>
      <mi>x</mi></mrow>
    <mi>n</mi>
   </mroot>
   <mo>&#x2212;</mo><mn>1</mn><mo stretchy='false'>)</mo><mo stretchy='false' lspace='0.2em' fontweight='bold' fontsize='14pt' fontfamily='Courier'>)</mo>
  </mrow>
 <annotation encoding='MathType-MTEF'>
 MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaaiikaiaad6gacaGGOaWaaOqaaeaacaWG4baaleaacaWGUbaaaOGaeyOeI0IaaGymaiaacMcacaGGPaaaaa@3D4E@</annotation>
</semantics></mstyle>
</math> ist konvergent.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p><math xmlns='http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML' display='inline'>
 <mstyle displaystyle='true'><semantics>
  <mrow>
   <mi>n</mi><mo stretchy='false'>(</mo><mroot><mrow>
    <mspace height='1.4ex' depth='0.1ex'/>
      <mi>x</mi></mrow>
    <mi>n</mi>
   </mroot>
   <mo>&#x2212;</mo><mn>1</mn><mo stretchy='false'>)</mo><mo>&#x2212;</mo><mi>n</mi><mo stretchy='false'>(</mo><mn>1</mn><mo>&#x2212;</mo><mfrac>
    <mn>1</mn>
    <mrow>
     <mroot><mrow>
      <mspace height='1.4ex' depth='0.1ex'/>
      <mi>x</mi></mrow>
      <mi>n</mi>
     </mroot>
     
    </mrow>
   </mfrac>
   <mo stretchy='false'>)</mo><mo>&#x2192;</mo><mn>0</mn>
  </mrow>
 <annotation encoding='MathType-MTEF'>
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</semantics></mstyle>
</math>.</p>
</li>
</ol>
<p>1.&#160;<font size="2">&#9658;</font> &#160; Gemäß <a class="ref" href="#13">[8.7.13]</a> ist <math xmlns='http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML' display='inline'>
 <mstyle displaystyle='true'><semantics>
  <mrow>
   <mo stretchy='false' rspace='0.2em' fontweight='bold' fontsize='14pt' fontfamily='Courier'>(</mo><mi>n</mi><mo stretchy='false'>(</mo><mroot>
    <mrow><mspace height='1.4ex' depth='0.1ex'/>
      <mi>x</mi></mrow>
    <mi>n</mi>
   </mroot>
   <mo>&#x2212;</mo><mn>1</mn><mo stretchy='false'>)</mo><mo stretchy='false' lspace='0.2em' fontweight='bold' fontsize='14pt' fontfamily='Courier'>)</mo>
  </mrow>
 <annotation encoding='MathType-MTEF'>
 MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaaiikaiaad6gacaGGOaWaaOqaaeaacaWG4baaleaacaWGUbaaaOGaeyOeI0IaaGymaiaacMcacaGGPaaaaa@3D4E@</annotation>
</semantics></mstyle>
</math> nach unten beschränkt (durch <math xmlns='http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML' display='inline'>
 <mstyle displaystyle='true'><semantics>
  <mrow>
   <mi>ln</mi><mo>&#x2061;</mo><mi>x</mi>
  </mrow>
 <annotation encoding='MathType-MTEF'>
 MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaciiBaiaac6gacaWG4baaaa@38CD@</annotation>
</semantics></mstyle>
</math>). Nach <a class="ref" href="../Folgen/5_7.xml#1" target="_blank">[5.7.1]</a> genügt es daher zu zeigen: <math xmlns='http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML' display='inline'>
 <mstyle displaystyle='true'><semantics>
  <mrow>
   <mo stretchy='false' rspace='0.2em' fontweight='bold' fontsize='14pt' fontfamily='Courier'>(</mo><mi>n</mi><mo stretchy='false'>(</mo><mroot>
    <mrow><mspace height='1.4ex' depth='0.1ex'/>
      <mi>x</mi></mrow>
    <mi>n</mi>
   </mroot>
   <mo>&#x2212;</mo><mn>1</mn><mo stretchy='false'>)</mo><mo stretchy='false' lspace='0.2em' fontweight='bold' fontsize='14pt' fontfamily='Courier'>)</mo>
  </mrow>
 <annotation encoding='MathType-MTEF'>
 MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaaiikaiaad6gacaGGOaWaaOqaaeaacaWG4baaleaacaWGUbaaaOGaeyOeI0IaaGymaiaacMcacaGGPaaaaa@3D4E@</annotation>
</semantics></mstyle>
</math> ist monoton fallend, d.h.</p>
<div><a name="a1"></a>
<math xmlns='http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML' display='inline'>
 <mstyle displaystyle='true'><semantics>
  <mrow>
   <mtable columnalign='left'>
    <mtr columnalign='left'>
     <mtd columnalign='left'>
      <mrow></mrow>
     </mtd>
     <mtd columnalign='left'>
      <mrow>
       <mi>n</mi><mo stretchy='false'>(</mo><mroot><mrow>
      <mspace height='1.4ex' depth='0.1ex'/>
      <mi>x</mi></mrow>
        <mi>n</mi>
       </mroot>
       <mo>&#x2212;</mo><mn>1</mn><mo stretchy='false'>)</mo><mo>&#x2265;</mo><mo stretchy='false'>(</mo><mi>n</mi><mo>+</mo><mn>1</mn><mo stretchy='false'>)</mo><mo stretchy='false'>(</mo><mroot><mrow>
      <mspace height='1.4ex' depth='0.1ex'/>
      <mi>x</mi></mrow>
        <mrow>
         <mi>n</mi><mo>+</mo><mn>1</mn>
        </mrow>
       </mroot>
       <mo>&#x2212;</mo><mn>1</mn><mo stretchy='false'>)</mo>
      </mrow>
     </mtd>
    </mtr>
    <mtr columnalign='left'>
     <mtd columnalign='left'>
      <mrow>
       <mo>&#x21D4;</mo><mtext>&#x2003;</mtext>
      </mrow>
     </mtd>
     <mtd columnalign='left'>
      <mrow>
       <mi>n</mi><mroot><mrow>
      <mspace height='1.4ex' depth='0.1ex'/>
      <mi>x</mi></mrow>
        <mi>n</mi>
       </mroot>
       <mo>+</mo><mn>1</mn><mo>&#x2265;</mo><mo stretchy='false'>(</mo><mi>n</mi><mo>+</mo><mn>1</mn><mo stretchy='false'>)</mo><mroot><mrow>
      <mspace height='1.4ex' depth='0.1ex'/>
      <mi>x</mi></mrow>
        <mrow>
         <mi>n</mi><mo>+</mo><mn>1</mn>
        </mrow>
       </mroot>
       <mspace width='50pt'/><mstyle mathvariant='monospace' mathsize='10pt' color='#808080'><mo stretchy='false' rspace='0.1em'>[</mo><mo>+</mo><mo stretchy='false' lspace='0.2em'>]</mo></mstyle>
      </mrow>
     </mtd>
    </mtr>
    
   </mtable>
  </mrow>
 <annotation encoding='MathType-MTEF'>
 MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaqbaeaabiGaaaqaaaqaaiaad6gacaGGOaWaaOqaaeaacaWG4baaleaacaWGUbaaaOGaeyOeI0IaaGymaiaacMcacqGHLjYScaGGOaGaamOBaiabgUcaRiaaigdacaGGPaGaaiikamaakeaabaGaamiEaaWcbaGaamOBaiabgUcaRiaaigdaaaGccqGHsislcaaIXaGaaiykaaqaaiabgsDiBlaaywW7aeaacaWGUbWaaOqaaeaacaWG4baaleaacaWGUbaaaOGaey4kaSIaaGymaiabgwMiZkaacIcacaWGUbGaey4kaSIaaGymaiaacMcadaGcbaqaaiaadIhaaSqaaiaad6gacqGHRaWkcaaIXaaaaOGaai4waiabgUcaRiaac2faaaaaaa@5CF8@</annotation>
</semantics></mstyle>
</math>
</div>
<p>für alle <math xmlns='http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML' display='inline'>
 <mstyle displaystyle='true'><semantics>
  <mrow>
   <mi>n</mi><mo>&#x2208;</mo><msup>
    <mi>&#x2115;</mi>
    <mo>&#x2217;</mo>
   </msup>
   
  </mrow>
 <annotation encoding='MathType-MTEF'>
 MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamOBaiabgIGiolablwriLoaaCaaaleqabaGaey4fIOcaaaaa@3AEB@</annotation>
</semantics></mstyle>
</math>. Über die <span class="inf" style="white-space:normal" onmouseover="if(active0==0){position('tip0','tab0',event.clientX,event.clientY); document.getElementById('tip0').className='tooltip_v'; if(!b)document.getElementById('tip0').className='tooltip_v_noopac'};active0=1">
Bernoullische Ungleichung<img class="inf" style="margin-left:3px; margin-right:3px" src="../info.gif" width="10" height="10"/></span>
<span id="tip0" class="tooltip_h" style="white-space:normal">
<table id="tab0" border="0" style="width:500px" ><tr><td onmousedown="x0=event.clientX;y0=event.clientY;fix('tip0')" onmouseup="drag=0" style="border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-color:blue; font-family:monospace"><p style="cursor: move; color:blue; margin-top:-5px; margin-bottom:0px; size:12pt; font-weight:bold">&#160;i</p><span style="float: right; margin-top:-15px"><img title="opacity on/off" style="margin-right:10px" onclick="opac_change();" src="../opacity-off.gif" width="10" height="10"/><img onclick="active0=0;document.getElementById('tip0').className='tooltip_h'" src="../close.gif" width="10" height="10"/></span></td></tr>
<!--####################################### tip0 ##############################-->
<tr><td>
<div style="margin-top:10pt">
<math xmlns='http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML' display='inline'>
 <mstyle displaystyle='true'><semantics>
  <mrow>
   <mn>1</mn><mo>+</mo><mfrac>
    <mrow>
     <mi>x</mi><mo>&#x2212;</mo><mn>1</mn>
    </mrow>
    <mrow>
     <mi>n</mi><mi>x</mi>
    </mrow>
   </mfrac>
   <munder>
    <mo>&#x2264;</mo>
    <mrow><mspace width='0' height='1.2em'/>
     <mstyle mathvariant='monospace' mathsize='10pt'><mo stretchy='false' rspace='0.1em'>[</mo><mn>1</mn><mo stretchy='false' lspace='0.2em'>]</mo></mstyle>
    </mrow>
   </munder>
   <mroot><mrow>
      <mspace height='1.4ex' depth='0.1ex'/>
      <mi>x</mi></mrow>
    <mi>n</mi>
   </mroot>
   <munder>
    <mo>&#x2264;</mo>
    <mrow><mspace width='0' height='1.2em'/>
     <mstyle mathvariant='monospace' mathsize='10pt'><mo stretchy='false' rspace='0.1em'>[</mo><mn>2</mn><mo stretchy='false' lspace='0.2em'>]</mo></mstyle>
    </mrow>
   </munder>
   <mn>1</mn><mo>+</mo><mfrac>
    <mrow>
     <mi>x</mi><mo>&#x2212;</mo><mn>1</mn>
    </mrow>
    <mi>n</mi>
   </mfrac>
   
  </mrow>
 <annotation encoding='MathType-MTEF'>
 MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaaGymaiabgUcaRmaalaaabaGaamiEaiabgkHiTiaaigdaaeaacaWGUbGaamiEaaaadaWfqaqaaiabgsMiJcWcbaGaai4waiaaigdacaGGDbaabeaakmaakeaabaGaamiEaaWcbaGaamOBaaaakmaaxababaGaeyizImkaleaacaGGBbGaaGOmaiaac2faaeqaaOGaaGymaiabgUcaRmaalaaabaGaamiEaiabgkHiTiaaigdaaeaacaWGUbaaaaaa@4C6F@</annotation>
</semantics></mstyle>
</math>&#160; für alle <math xmlns='http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML' display='inline'>
 <mstyle displaystyle='true'><semantics>
  <mrow>
   <mi>x</mi><mo>,</mo><mi>n</mi><mo>&#x003E;</mo><mn>0</mn>
  </mrow>
 <annotation encoding='MathType-MTEF'>
 MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamiEaiaacYcacaWGUbGaeyOpa4JaaGimaaaa@3A4E@</annotation>
</semantics></mstyle>
</math>
</div>
<p style="white-space:normal"><i>Beweis</i>:&#160; <span class="num" style="color:black">[2]</span> ergibt sich direkt aus der gewöhnlichen Bernoullischen Ungleichung <a class="ref" href="../Folgen/5_2.xml#6" target="_blank">[5.2.6]</a>, denn da <math xmlns='http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML' display='inline'>
 <mstyle displaystyle='true'><semantics>
  <mrow>
   <mroot><mrow>
      <mspace height='1.4ex' depth='0.1ex'/>
      <mi>x</mi></mrow>
    <mi>n</mi>
   </mroot>
   <mo>&#x2212;</mo><mn>1</mn><mo>&#x2265;</mo><mo>&#x2212;</mo><mn>1</mn>
  </mrow>
 <annotation encoding='MathType-MTEF'>
 MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaWaaOqaaeaacaWG4baaleaacaWGUbaaaOGaeyOeI0IaaGymaiabgwMiZkabgkHiTiaaigdaaaa@3D17@</annotation>
</semantics></mstyle>
</math>, hat man:</p>
<div>
<math xmlns='http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML' display='inline'>
 <mstyle displaystyle='true'><semantics>
  <mrow>
   <mi>x</mi><mo>=</mo><msup>
    <mrow>
     <mo stretchy='false'>(</mo><mn>1</mn><mo>+</mo><mroot><mrow>
      <mspace height='1.4ex' depth='0.1ex'/>
      <mi>x</mi></mrow>
      <mi>n</mi>
     </mroot>
     <mo>&#x2212;</mo><mn>1</mn><mo stretchy='false'>)</mo>
    </mrow>
    <mi>n</mi>
   </msup>
   <mo>&#x2265;</mo><mn>1</mn><mo>+</mo><mi>n</mi><mo stretchy='false'>(</mo><mroot><mrow>
      <mspace height='1.4ex' depth='0.1ex'/>
      <mi>x</mi></mrow>
    <mi>n</mi>
   </mroot>
   <mo>&#x2212;</mo><mn>1</mn><mo stretchy='false'>)</mo><mo>=</mo><mn>1</mn><mo>+</mo><mi>n</mi><mroot><mrow>
      <mspace height='1.4ex' depth='0.1ex'/>
      <mi>x</mi></mrow>
    <mi>n</mi>
   </mroot>
   <mo>&#x2212;</mo><mi>n</mi>
  </mrow>
 <annotation encoding='MathType-MTEF'>
 MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamiEaiabg2da9iaacIcacaaIXaGaey4kaSYaaOqaaeaacaWG4baaleaacaWGUbaaaOGaeyOeI0IaaGymaiaacMcadaahaaWcbeqaaiaad6gaaaGccqGHLjYScaaIXaGaey4kaSIaamOBaiaacIcadaGcbaqaaiaadIhaaSqaaiaad6gaaaGccqGHsislcaaIXaGaaiykaiabg2da9iaaigdacqGHRaWkcaWGUbWaaOqaaeaacaWG4baaleaacaWGUbaaaOGaeyOeI0IaamOBaaaa@50C3@</annotation>
</semantics></mstyle>
</math>,
</div>
<p> und damit:</p>
<div>
<math xmlns='http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML' display='inline'>
 <mstyle displaystyle='true'><semantics>
  <mrow>
   <mroot><mrow>
      <mspace height='1.4ex' depth='0.1ex'/>
      <mi>x</mi></mrow>
    <mi>n</mi>
   </mroot>
   <mo>&#x2264;</mo><mfrac>
    <mrow>
     <mi>x</mi><mo>+</mo><mi>n</mi><mo>&#x2212;</mo><mn>1</mn>
    </mrow>
    <mi>n</mi>
   </mfrac>
   <mo>=</mo><mn>1</mn><mo>+</mo><mfrac>
    <mrow>
     <mi>x</mi><mo>&#x2212;</mo><mn>1</mn>
    </mrow>
    <mi>n</mi>
   </mfrac>
   
  </mrow>
 <annotation encoding='MathType-MTEF'>
 MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaWaaOqaaeaacaWG4baaleaacaWGUbaaaOGaeyizIm6aaSaaaeaacaWG4bGaey4kaSIaamOBaiabgkHiTiaaigdaaeaacaWGUbaaaiabg2da9iaaigdacqGHRaWkdaWcaaqaaiaadIhacqGHsislcaaIXaaabaGaamOBaaaaaaa@457E@</annotation>
</semantics></mstyle>
</math>
</div>
<p>Zum Nachweis von <span class="num" style="color:black">[1]</span> setzen wir das gerade erzielte Ergebnis ein und erhalten:</p>
<div>
<math xmlns='http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML' display='inline'>
 <mstyle displaystyle='true'><semantics>
  <mrow>
   <mroot><mrow>
      <mspace height='1.4ex' depth='0.1ex'/>
      <mi>x</mi></mrow>
    <mi>n</mi>
   </mroot>
   <mo>=</mo><mfrac>
    <mn>1</mn>
    <mrow>
     <mroot>
      <mrow>
       <mfrac>
        <mn>1</mn>
        <mi>x</mi>
       </mfrac>
       
      </mrow>
      <mi>n</mi>
     </mroot>
     
    </mrow>
   </mfrac>
   <mo>&#x2265;</mo><mfrac>
    <mn>1</mn>
    <mrow>
     <mn>1</mn><mo>+</mo><mfrac>
      <mrow>
       <mfrac>
        <mn>1</mn>
        <mi>x</mi>
       </mfrac>
       <mo>&#x2212;</mo><mn>1</mn>
      </mrow>
      <mi>n</mi>
     </mfrac>
     
    </mrow>
   </mfrac>
   <mo>=</mo><mfrac>
    <mrow>
     <mi>n</mi><mi>x</mi>
    </mrow>
    <mrow>
     <mi>n</mi><mi>x</mi><mo>+</mo><mn>1</mn><mo>&#x2212;</mo><mi>x</mi>
    </mrow>
   </mfrac>
   <mo>=</mo><mn>1</mn><mo>+</mo><munder>
    <munder>
     <mrow>
      <mfrac>
       <mrow>
        <mi>x</mi><mo>&#x2212;</mo><mn>1</mn>
       </mrow>
       <mrow>
        <mi>n</mi><mi>x</mi><mo>+</mo><mn>1</mn><mo>&#x2212;</mo><mi>x</mi>
       </mrow>
      </mfrac>
      
     </mrow>
     <mo stretchy='true'>&#xFE38;</mo>
    </munder>
    <mrow>
     <mo stretchy='false' rspace='0.1em'>[</mo><mo>+</mo><mo stretchy='false' lspace='0.1em'>]</mo>
    </mrow>
   </munder>
   <mo>&#x2265;</mo><mn>1</mn><mo>+</mo><mfrac>
    <mrow>
     <mi>x</mi><mo>&#x2212;</mo><mn>1</mn>
    </mrow>
    <mrow>
     <mi>n</mi><mi>x</mi>
    </mrow>
   </mfrac>
   
  </mrow>
 <annotation encoding='MathType-MTEF'>
 MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaWaaOqaaeaacaWG4baaleaacaWGUbaaaOGaeyypa0ZaaSaaaeaacaaIXaaabaWaaOqaaeaadaWcaaqaaiaaigdaaeaacaWG4baaaaWcbaGaamOBaaaaaaGccqGHLjYSdaWcaaqaaiaaigdaaeaacaaIXaGaey4kaSYaaSaaaeaadaWcaaqaaiaaigdaaeaacaWG4baaaiabgkHiTiaaigdaaeaacaWGUbaaaaaacqGH9aqpdaWcaaqaaiaad6gacaWG4baabaGaamOBaiaadIhacqGHRaWkcaaIXaGaeyOeI0IaamiEaaaacqGH9aqpcaaIXaGaey4kaSYaaGbaaeaadaWcaaqaaiaadIhacqGHsislcaaIXaaabaGaamOBaiaadIhacqGHRaWkcaaIXaGaeyOeI0IaamiEaaaaaSqaaiaacUfacqGHRaWkcaGGDbaakiaawIJ=aiabgwMiZkaaigdacqGHRaWkdaWcaaqaaiaadIhacqGHsislcaaIXaaabaGaamOBaiaadIhaaaaaaa@6549@</annotation>
</semantics></mstyle>
</math>
</div>
<p>Bei der letzten Abschätzung beachte man, dass das Weglassen des Summanden <math xmlns='http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML' display='inline'>
 <mstyle displaystyle='true'><semantics>
  <mrow>
   <mn>1</mn><mo>&#x2212;</mo><mi>x</mi>
  </mrow>
 <annotation encoding='MathType-MTEF'>
 MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaaGymaiabgkHiTiaadIhaaaa@3891@</annotation>
</semantics></mstyle>
</math> den Nenner von <math xmlns='http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML' display='inline'>
 <mstyle displaystyle='true'><semantics>
  <mrow><mstyle mathsize='10pt'>
   <mo stretchy='false' rspace='0.1em' lspace='0.1em'>[</mo><mo>+</mo><mo stretchy='false' lspace='0.1em' rspace='0.1em'>]</mo></mstyle>
  </mrow>
 <annotation encoding='MathType-MTEF'>
 MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaWcbaGaai4waiabgUcaRiaac2faaaa@388F@</annotation>
</semantics></mstyle>
</math> vergrößert, falls der Zähler <math xmlns='http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML' display='inline'>
 <mstyle displaystyle='true'><semantics>
  <mrow>
   <mi>x</mi><mo>&#x2212;</mo><mn>1</mn>
  </mrow>
 <annotation encoding='MathType-MTEF'>
 MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamiEaiabgkHiTiaaigdaaaa@3891@</annotation>
</semantics></mstyle>
</math> positiv ist, bzw. verkleinert, wenn der Zähler negativ ist. In jedem Fall aber verkleinert sich dabei der gesamte Bruch.</p>

</td></tr>
<!--################################## end tip0 ###############################-->
</table>
</span> für die <span><i>n</i>-te</span> Wurzel erhalten wir zunächst:</p>
<div>
<math xmlns='http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML' display='inline'>
 <mstyle displaystyle='true'><semantics>
  <mrow>
   <mi>n</mi><mroot>
    <mrow><mspace height='1.4ex' depth='0.1ex'/>
     <msup>
      <mi>x</mi>
      <mrow>
       <mi>n</mi><mo>+</mo><mn>1</mn>
      </mrow>
     </msup>
     
    </mrow>
    <mi>n</mi>
   </mroot>
   <mo>+</mo><mn>1</mn><mo>=</mo><mi>n</mi><mi>x</mi><mroot><mrow>
      <mspace height='1.4ex' depth='0.1ex'/>
      <mi>x</mi></mrow>
    <mi>n</mi>
   </mroot>
   <mo>+</mo><mn>1</mn><mo>&#x2265;</mo><mi>n</mi><mi>x</mi><mo stretchy='false'>(</mo><mn>1</mn><mo>+</mo><mfrac>
    <mrow>
     <mi>x</mi><mo>&#x2212;</mo><mn>1</mn>
    </mrow>
    <mrow>
     <mi>n</mi><mi>x</mi>
    </mrow>
   </mfrac>
   <mo stretchy='false'>)</mo><mo>+</mo><mn>1</mn><mo>=</mo><mi>n</mi><mi>x</mi><mo>+</mo><mi>x</mi><mo>=</mo><mo stretchy='false'>(</mo><mi>n</mi><mo>+</mo><mn>1</mn><mo stretchy='false'>)</mo><mi>x</mi><mo>=</mo><mo stretchy='false'>(</mo><mi>n</mi><mo>+</mo><mn>1</mn><mo stretchy='false'>)</mo><mroot>
    <mrow><mspace height='1.4ex' depth='0.1ex'/>
     <msup>
      <mi>x</mi>
      <mrow>
       <mi>n</mi><mo>+</mo><mn>1</mn>
      </mrow>
     </msup>
     
    </mrow>
    <mrow>
     <mi>n</mi><mo>+</mo><mn>1</mn>
    </mrow>
   </mroot>
   
  </mrow>
 <annotation encoding='MathType-MTEF'>
 MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=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@66E3@</annotation>
</semantics></mstyle>
</math>.
</div>
<p>Die Abschätzung <a class="ref" href="#a1">[+]</a> ergibt sich nun, wenn man <i>x</i> durch <math xmlns='http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML' display='inline'>
 <mstyle displaystyle='true'><semantics>
  <mrow>
   <mroot><mrow>
      <mspace height='1.4ex' depth='0.1ex'/>
      <mi>x</mi></mrow>
    <mrow>
     <mi>n</mi><mo>+</mo><mn>1</mn>
    </mrow>
   </mroot>
   
  </mrow>
 <annotation encoding='MathType-MTEF'>
 MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaWaaOqaaeaacaWG4baaleaacaWGUbGaey4kaSIaaGymaaaaaaa@3994@</annotation>
</semantics></mstyle>
</math> ersetzt.</p>
<p>2.&#160;<font size="2">&#9658;</font> &#160; Da <math xmlns='http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML' display='inline'>
 <mstyle displaystyle='true'><semantics>
  <mroot><mrow>
      <mspace height='1.4ex' depth='0.1ex'/>
      <mi>x</mi></mrow>
   <mi>n</mi>
  </mroot>
  <mo>&#x2192;</mo><mn>1</mn>
 <annotation encoding='MathType-MTEF'>
 MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaWaaOqaaeaacaWG4baaleaacaWGUbaaaOGaeyOKH4QaaGymaaaa@3AA9@</annotation>
</semantics></mstyle>
</math> (siehe <a class="ref" href="../Folgen/5_7.xml#9" target="_blank">[5.7.9]</a>) folgt die Behauptung aus dem dritten Grenzwertsatz <a class="ref" href="../Folgen/5_6.xml#3" target="_blank">[5.6.3]</a>:</p>
<div>
<math xmlns='http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML' display='inline'>
 <mstyle displaystyle='true'><semantics>
  <mrow>
   <mi>n</mi><mo stretchy='false'>(</mo><mroot><mrow>
      <mspace height='1.4ex' depth='0.1ex'/>
      <mi>x</mi></mrow>
    <mi>n</mi>
   </mroot>
   <mo>&#x2212;</mo><mn>1</mn><mo stretchy='false'>)</mo><mo>&#x2212;</mo><mi>n</mi><mo stretchy='false'>(</mo><mn>1</mn><mo>&#x2212;</mo><mfrac>
    <mn>1</mn>
    <mrow>
     <mroot><mrow>
      <mspace height='1.4ex' depth='0.1ex'/>
      <mi>x</mi></mrow>
      <mi>n</mi>
     </mroot>
     
    </mrow>
   </mfrac>
   <mo stretchy='false'>)</mo><mo>=</mo><mi>n</mi><mo stretchy='false'>(</mo><mroot><mrow>
      <mspace height='1.4ex' depth='0.1ex'/>
      <mi>x</mi></mrow>
    <mi>n</mi>
   </mroot>
   <mo>&#x2212;</mo><mn>1</mn><mo stretchy='false'>)</mo><mo>&#x2212;</mo><mi>n</mi><mfrac>
    <mrow>
     <mroot><mrow>
      <mspace height='1.4ex' depth='0.1ex'/>
      <mi>x</mi></mrow>
      <mi>n</mi>
     </mroot>
     <mo>&#x2212;</mo><mn>1</mn>
    </mrow>
    <mrow>
     <mroot><mrow>
      <mspace height='1.4ex' depth='0.1ex'/>
      <mi>x</mi></mrow>
      <mi>n</mi>
     </mroot>
     
    </mrow>
   </mfrac>
   <mo>=</mo><munder>
    <munder>
     <mrow>
      <mi>n</mi><mo stretchy='false'>(</mo><mroot><mrow>
      <mspace height='1.4ex' depth='0.1ex'/>
      <mi>x</mi></mrow>
       <mi>n</mi>
      </mroot>
      <mo>&#x2212;</mo><mn>1</mn><mo stretchy='false'>)</mo>
     </mrow>
     <mo stretchy='true'>&#xFE38;</mo>
    </munder>
    <mrow>
     <mi>k</mi><mi>o</mi><mi>n</mi><mi>v</mi><mi>e</mi><mi>r</mi><mi>g</mi><mi>e</mi><mi>n</mi><mi>t</mi>
    </mrow>
   </munder>
   <mo lspace='0.1em' rspace='0.1em'>&#x22C5;</mo><munder>
    <munder>
     <mrow>
      <mo stretchy='false'>(</mo><mn>1</mn><mo>&#x2212;</mo><mfrac>
       <mn>1</mn>
       <mrow>
        <mroot><mrow>
      <mspace height='1.4ex' depth='0.1ex'/>
      <mi>x</mi></mrow>
         <mi>n</mi>
        </mroot>
        
       </mrow>
      </mfrac>
      <mo stretchy='false'>)</mo>
     </mrow>
     <mo stretchy='true'>&#xFE38;</mo>
    </munder>
    <mrow>
     <mo>&#x2192;</mo><mn>0</mn>
    </mrow>
   </munder>
   <mo>&#x2192;</mo><mn>0</mn>
  </mrow>
 <annotation encoding='MathType-MTEF'>
 MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=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aiabgwSixpaayaaabaGaaiikaiaaigdacqGHsisldaWcaaqaaiaaigdaaeaadaGcbaqaaiaadIhaaSqaaiaad6gaaaaaaOGaaiykaaWcbaGaeyOKH4QaaGimaaGccaGL44pacqGHsgIRcaaIWaaaaa@7484@</annotation>
</semantics></mstyle>
</math>
</div>
<p>Das Ergebnis in 2. zeigt nun: Mit <math xmlns='http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML' display='inline'>
 <mstyle displaystyle='true'><semantics>
  <mrow>
   <mo stretchy='false' rspace='0.2em' fontweight='bold' fontsize='14pt' fontfamily='Courier'>(</mo><mi>n</mi><mo stretchy='false'>(</mo><mroot>
    <mrow><mspace height='1.4ex' depth='0.1ex'/>
      <mi>x</mi></mrow>
    <mi>n</mi>
   </mroot>
   <mo>&#x2212;</mo><mn>1</mn><mo stretchy='false'>)</mo><mo stretchy='false' lspace='0.2em' fontweight='bold' fontsize='14pt' fontfamily='Courier'>)</mo>
  </mrow>
 <annotation encoding='MathType-MTEF'>
 MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaaiikaiaad6gacaGGOaWaaOqaaeaacaWG4baaleaacaWGUbaaaOGaeyOeI0IaaGymaiaacMcacaGGPaaaaa@3D4E@</annotation>
</semantics></mstyle>
</math> ist auch <math xmlns='http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML' display='inline'>
 <mstyle displaystyle='true'><semantics>
  <mrow>
   <mo stretchy='false' rspace='0.2em' fontweight='bold' fontsize='14pt' fontfamily='Courier'>(</mo><mi>n</mi><mo stretchy='false'>(</mo><mn>1</mn><mo>&#x2212;</mo><mfrac>
    <mn>1</mn>
    <mrow>
     <mroot><mrow>
      <mspace height='1.4ex' depth='0.1ex'/>
      <mi>x</mi></mrow>
      <mi>n</mi>
     </mroot>
     
    </mrow>
   </mfrac>
   <mo stretchy='false'>)</mo><mo stretchy='false' lspace='0.2em' fontweight='bold' fontsize='14pt' fontfamily='Courier'>)</mo>
  </mrow>
 <annotation encoding='MathType-MTEF'>
 MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaaiikaiaad6gacaGGOaGaaGymaiabgkHiTmaalaaabaGaaGymaaqaamaakeaabaGaamiEaaWcbaGaamOBaaaaaaGccaGGPaGaaiykaaaa@3E19@</annotation>
</semantics></mstyle>
</math> konvergent, und zwar gegen einen gemeinsamen Limes, der wegen <a class="ref" href="#13">[8.7.13]</a> die Zahl <math xmlns='http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML' display='inline'>
 <mstyle displaystyle='true'><semantics>
  <mrow>
   <mi>ln</mi><mo>&#x2061;</mo><mi>x</mi>
  </mrow>
 <annotation encoding='MathType-MTEF'>
 MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaciiBaiaac6gacaWG4baaaa@38CD@</annotation>
</semantics></mstyle>
</math> sein muss. Das Argument ist dabei der Schachtelsatz <a class="ref" href="../Folgen/5_5.xml#8" target="_blank">[5.5.8]</a>.</p>
</td></tr></table>

<p>Eine weitere Anwendung der zentralen Ungleichung belegt nun die Umkehrbarkeit des Logarithmus.</p>
<table class="main"><tr><td class="main">

<p><u><b>Bemerkung:</b></u> &#160;Jedes <math xmlns='http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML' display='inline'>
 <mstyle displaystyle='true'><semantics>
  <mrow>
   <mi>y</mi><mo>&#x2208;</mo><mi>&#x211D;</mi>
  </mrow>
 <annotation encoding='MathType-MTEF'>
 MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamyEaiabgIGiolabl2riHcaa@39DE@</annotation>
</semantics></mstyle>
</math> besitzt genau ein Urbild <math xmlns='http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML' display='inline'>
 <mstyle displaystyle='true'><semantics>
  <mrow>
   <mi>x</mi><mo>&#x003E;</mo><mn>0</mn>
  </mrow>
 <annotation encoding='MathType-MTEF'>
 MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamiEaiabg6da+iaaicdaaaa@38AB@</annotation>
</semantics></mstyle>
</math>, d.h.</p>

<table><tr><td class="def">
 <div>
<math xmlns='http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML' display='inline'>
 <mstyle displaystyle='true'><semantics>
  <mrow>
   <mi>ln</mi><mo>&#x2061;</mo><mo>:</mo><msup>
    <mi>&#x211D;</mi>
    <mrow>
     <mo>&#x003E;</mo><mn>0</mn>
    </mrow>
   </msup>
   <mo>&#x2192;</mo><mi>&#x211D;</mi>
  </mrow>
 <annotation encoding='MathType-MTEF'>
 MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaciiBaiaac6gacaGG6aGaeSyhHe6aaWbaaSqabeaacqGH+aGpcaaIWaaaaOGaeyOKH4QaeSyhHekaaa@3F54@</annotation>
</semantics></mstyle>
</math>&#160; ist bijektiv. 
 </div></td><td class="num" width="80px">
<span class="num"><a name="15">[8.7.15]</a></span></td></tr></table>

<p class="beweis"><i>Beweis</i>: &#160;Da <math xmlns='http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML' display='inline'>
 <mstyle displaystyle='true'><semantics>
  <mrow><msup>
   <mrow><mi>ln</mi><mo>&#x2061;</mo></mrow><mo>&#x2032;</mo></msup><mo stretchy='false'>(</mo><mi>x</mi><mo stretchy='false'>)</mo><mo>=</mo><mfrac>
    <mn>1</mn>
    <mi>x</mi>
   </mfrac>
   <mo>&#x2260;</mo><mn>0</mn>
  </mrow>
 <annotation encoding='MathType-MTEF'>
 MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaciiBaiaac6gacaGGNaGaaiikaiaadIhacaGGPaGaeyypa0ZaaSaaaeaacaaIXaaabaGaamiEaaaacqGHGjsUcaaIWaaaaa@4020@</annotation>
</semantics></mstyle>
</math> für alle <math xmlns='http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML' display='inline'>
 <mstyle displaystyle='true'><semantics>
  <mrow>
   <mi>x</mi><mo>&#x003E;</mo><mn>0</mn>
  </mrow>
 <annotation encoding='MathType-MTEF'>
 MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamiEaiabg6da+iaaicdaaaa@38AB@</annotation>
</semantics></mstyle>
</math> ist <math xmlns='http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML' display='inline'>
 <mstyle displaystyle='true'><semantics>
  <mrow>
   <mi>ln</mi><mo>&#x2061;</mo>
  </mrow>
 <annotation encoding='MathType-MTEF'>
 MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaciiBaiaac6gaaaa@37D0@</annotation>
</semantics></mstyle>
</math> nach <a class="ref" href="../Differentialrechnung/7_9.xml#6" target="_blank">[7.9.6]</a> zunächst injektiv, d.h. jedes <math xmlns='http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML' display='inline'>
 <mstyle displaystyle='true'><semantics>
  <mrow>
   <mi>y</mi><mo>&#x2208;</mo><mi>&#x211D;</mi>
  </mrow>
 <annotation encoding='MathType-MTEF'>
 MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamyEaiabgIGiolabl2riHcaa@39DE@</annotation>
</semantics></mstyle>
</math> hat höchstens ein Urbild.
</p>
<p>Ein solches <i>y</i> hat aber auch mindestens ein Urbild, denn mit der zentralen Ungleichung <a class="ref" href="#11">[8.7.11]</a> hat man zunächst <math xmlns='http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML' display='inline'>
 <mstyle displaystyle='true'><semantics>
  <mrow>
   <mfrac>
    <mn>1</mn>
    <mn>2</mn>
   </mfrac>
   <mo>=</mo><mn>1</mn><mo>&#x2212;</mo><mfrac>
    <mn>1</mn>
    <mn>2</mn>
   </mfrac>
   <mo>&#x2264;</mo><mi>ln</mi><mo>&#x2061;</mo><mn>2</mn>
  </mrow>
 <annotation encoding='MathType-MTEF'>
 MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaWaaSaaaeaacaaIXaaabaGaaGOmaaaacqGH9aqpcaaIXaGaeyOeI0YaaSaaaeaacaaIXaaabaGaaGOmaaaacqGHKjYOciGGSbGaaiOBaiaaikdaaaa@3FFD@</annotation>
</semantics></mstyle>
</math> und damit für ein beliebiges <math xmlns='http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML' display='inline'>
 <mstyle displaystyle='true'><semantics>
  <mrow>
   <mi>n</mi><mo>&#x2208;</mo><mi>&#x2115;</mi>
  </mrow>
 <annotation encoding='MathType-MTEF'>
 MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamOBaiabgIGiolablwriLcaa@39CF@</annotation>
</semantics></mstyle>
</math>:</p>
<div>
<math xmlns='http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML' display='inline'>
 <mstyle displaystyle='true'><semantics>
  <mrow>
   <mtable>
    <mtr>
     <mtd>
      <mrow>
       <mi>ln</mi><mspace width='0.2em'/><mo>&#x2061;</mo><msup>
        <mn>2</mn>
        <mrow>
         <mn>2</mn><mi>n</mi>
        </mrow>
       </msup>
       <mo>=</mo><mn>2</mn><mi>n</mi><mo lspace='0.1em' rspace='0.1em'>&#x22C5;</mo><mi>ln</mi><mo>&#x2061;</mo><mn>2</mn><mo>&#x2265;</mo><mn>2</mn><mi>n</mi><mo lspace='0.1em' rspace='0.1em'>&#x22C5;</mo><mfrac>
        <mn>1</mn>
        <mn>2</mn>
       </mfrac>
       <mo>=</mo><mi>n</mi>
      </mrow>
     </mtd>
    </mtr>
    <mtr>
     <mtd>
      <mrow>
       <mi>ln</mi><mspace width='0.2em'/><mo>&#x2061;</mo><msup>
        <mn>2</mn>
        <mrow>
         <mo>&#x2212;</mo><mn>2</mn><mi>n</mi>
        </mrow>
       </msup>
       <mo>=</mo><mo>&#x2212;</mo><mi>ln</mi><mspace width='0.2em'/><mo>&#x2061;</mo><msup>
        <mn>2</mn>
        <mrow>
         <mn>2</mn><mi>n</mi>
        </mrow>
       </msup>
       <mo>&#x2264;</mo><mo>&#x2212;</mo><mi>n</mi>
      </mrow>
     </mtd>
    </mtr>
    
   </mtable>
  </mrow>
 <annotation encoding='MathType-MTEF'>
 MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaqbaeqabiqaaaqaaiGacYgacaGGUbGaaGOmamaaCaaaleqabaGaaGOmaiaad6gaaaGccqGH9aqpcaaIYaGaamOBaiabgwSixlGacYgacaGGUbGaaGOmaiabgwMiZkaaikdacaWGUbGaeyyXIC9aaSaaaeaacaaIXaaabaGaaGOmaaaacqGH9aqpcaWGUbaabaGaciiBaiaac6gacaaIYaWaaWbaaSqabeaacqGHsislcaaIYaGaamOBaaaakiabg2da9iabgkHiTiGacYgacaGGUbGaaGOmamaaCaaaleqabaGaaGOmaiaad6gaaaGccqGHKjYOcqGHsislcaWGUbaaaaaa@5ADE@</annotation>
</semantics></mstyle>
</math>
</div>
<p>Da <math xmlns='http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML' display='inline'>
 <mstyle displaystyle='true'><semantics>
  <mi>&#x2115;</mi>
 <annotation encoding='MathType-MTEF'>
 MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaeSyfHukaaa@3758@</annotation>
</semantics></mstyle>
</math> in <math xmlns='http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML' display='inline'>
 <mstyle displaystyle='true'><semantics>
  <mi>&#x211D;</mi>
 <annotation encoding='MathType-MTEF'>
 MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaeSyhHekaaa@375C@</annotation>
</semantics></mstyle>
</math> unbeschränkt ist, gibt es nun zu <i>y</i> ein <math xmlns='http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML' display='inline'>
 <mstyle displaystyle='true'><semantics>
  <mrow>
   <mi>n</mi><mo>&#x2208;</mo><mi>&#x2115;</mi>
  </mrow>
 <annotation encoding='MathType-MTEF'>
 MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamOBaiabgIGiolablwriLcaa@39CF@</annotation>
</semantics></mstyle>
</math>, so dass <math xmlns='http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML' display='inline'>
 <mstyle displaystyle='true'><semantics>
  <mrow>
   <mi>ln</mi><mspace width='0.2em'/><mo>&#x2061;</mo><msup>
    <mn>2</mn>
    <mrow>
     <mo>&#x2212;</mo><mn>2</mn><mi>n</mi>
    </mrow>
   </msup>
   <mo>&#x2264;</mo><mo>&#x2212;</mo><mi>n</mi><mo>&#x2264;</mo><mi>y</mi><mo>&#x2264;</mo><mi>n</mi><mo>&#x2264;</mo><mi>ln</mi><mspace width='0.2em'/><mo>&#x2061;</mo><msup>
    <mn>2</mn>
    <mrow>
     <mn>2</mn><mi>n</mi>
    </mrow>
   </msup>
   
  </mrow>
 <annotation encoding='MathType-MTEF'>
 MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaciiBaiaac6gacaaIYaWaaWbaaSqabeaacqGHsislcaaIYaGaamOBaaaakiabgsMiJkabgkHiTiaad6gacqGHKjYOcaWG5bGaeyizImQaamOBaiabgsMiJkGacYgacaGGUbGaaGOmamaaCaaaleqabaGaaGOmaiaad6gaaaaaaa@4A80@</annotation>
</semantics></mstyle>
</math>. Damit liegt <i>y</i> zwischen zwei <span>ln-Werten</span> und muss daher aufgrund des Zwischenwertsatzes <a class="ref" href="../StetigeFunktionen/6_6.xml#2" target="_blank">[6.6.2]</a> ein Funktionswert von ln sein. ln ist also auch surjektiv.
</p>
</td></tr></table>

<p><a class="ref" href="#15">[8.7.15]</a> zeigt insbesondere, dass ln in beide Richtungen unbeschränkt wächst, d.h. <math xmlns='http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML' display='inline'>
 <mstyle displaystyle='true'><semantics>
  <mrow>
   <munder>
    <mrow>
     <mi>lim</mi><mo>&#x2061;</mo>
    </mrow>
    <mrow>
     <mi>x</mi><mo>&#x2192;</mo><mi mathvariant='normal'>&#x221E;</mi>
    </mrow>
   </munder>
   <mi>ln</mi><mo>&#x2061;</mo><mi>x</mi><mo>=</mo><mi mathvariant='normal'>&#x221E;</mi>
  </mrow>
 <annotation encoding='MathType-MTEF'>
 MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaWaaCbeaeaaciGGSbGaaiyAaiaac2gaaSqaaiaadIhacqGHsgIRcqGHEisPaeqaaOGaciiBaiaac6gacaWG4bGaeyypa0JaeyOhIukaaa@42B2@</annotation>
</semantics></mstyle>
</math> und <math xmlns='http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML' display='inline'>
 <mstyle displaystyle='true'><semantics>
  <mrow>
   <munder>
    <mrow>
     <mi>lim</mi><mo>&#x2061;</mo>
    </mrow>
    <mrow>
     <mi>x</mi><mo>&#x2192;</mo><msup>
      <mn>0</mn>
      <mo>+</mo>
     </msup>
     
    </mrow>
   </munder>
   <mi>ln</mi><mo>&#x2061;</mo><mi>x</mi><mo>=</mo><mo>&#x2212;</mo><mi mathvariant='normal'>&#x221E;</mi>
  </mrow>
 <annotation encoding='MathType-MTEF'>
 MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaWaaCbeaeaaciGGSbGaaiyAaiaac2gaaSqaaiaadIhacqGHsgIRcaaIWaWaaWbaaWqabeaacqGHRaWkaaaaleqaaOGaciiBaiaac6gacaWG4bGaeyypa0JaeyOeI0IaeyOhIukaaa@4403@</annotation>
</semantics></mstyle>
</math>. Interessant ist dabei die Art dieses Wachstums:</p>
<ul>
<li>
<p>ln strebt für <math xmlns='http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML' display='inline'>
 <mstyle displaystyle='true'><semantics>
  <mrow>
   <mi>x</mi><mo>&#x2192;</mo><mi mathvariant='normal'>&#x221E;</mi>
  </mrow>
 <annotation encoding='MathType-MTEF'>
 MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamiEaiabgkziUkabg6HiLcaa@3A47@</annotation>
</semantics></mstyle>
</math> langsamer gegen <math xmlns='http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML' display='inline'>
 <mstyle displaystyle='true'><semantics>
  <mi mathvariant='normal'>&#x221E;</mi>
 <annotation encoding='MathType-MTEF'>
 MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaeyOhIukaaa@375D@</annotation>
</semantics></mstyle>
</math> als jede positive Potenz, d.h. <math xmlns='http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML' display='inline'>
 <mstyle displaystyle='true'><semantics>
  <mrow>
   <mi>ln</mi><mo>&#x2061;</mo><mi>x</mi><mo>&#x003C;</mo><msup>
    <mi>x</mi>
    <mi>a</mi>
   </msup>
   
  </mrow>
 <annotation encoding='MathType-MTEF'>
 MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaciiBaiaac6gacaWG4bGaeyipaWJaamiEamaaCaaaleqabaGaamyyaaaaaaa@3BE1@</annotation>
</semantics></mstyle>
</math> für hinreichend große <i>x</i>.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>ln strebt für <math xmlns='http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML' display='inline'>
 <mstyle displaystyle='true'><semantics>
  <mrow>
   <mi>x</mi><mo>&#x2192;</mo><msup>
    <mn>0</mn>
    <mo>+</mo>
   </msup>
   
  </mrow>
 <annotation encoding='MathType-MTEF'>
 MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamiEaiabgkziUkaaicdadaahaaWcbeqaaiabgUcaRaaaaaa@3A9F@</annotation>
</semantics></mstyle>
</math> langsamer gegen <math xmlns='http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML' display='inline'>
 <mstyle displaystyle='true'><semantics>
  <mrow>
   <mo>&#x2212;</mo><mi mathvariant='normal'>&#x221E;</mi>
  </mrow>
 <annotation encoding='MathType-MTEF'>
 MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaeyOeI0IaeyOhIukaaa@384A@</annotation>
</semantics></mstyle>
</math> als jede negative Potenz, d.h. <math xmlns='http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML' display='inline'>
 <mstyle displaystyle='true'><semantics>
  <mrow>
   <mi>ln</mi><mo>&#x2061;</mo><mi>x</mi><mo>&#x003E;</mo><mo>&#x2212;</mo><msup>
    <mi>x</mi>
    <mrow>
     <mo>&#x2212;</mo><mi>a</mi>
    </mrow>
   </msup>
   
  </mrow>
 <annotation encoding='MathType-MTEF'>
 MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaciiBaiaac6gacaWG4bGaeyOpa4JaeyOeI0IaamiEamaaCaaaleqabaGaeyOeI0Iaamyyaaaaaaa@3DBF@</annotation>
</semantics></mstyle>
</math> für hinreichend kleine <i>x</i>.</p>
</li>
</ul>
<p>Die folgende Bemerkung präzisiert diese Vorstellungen.</p>
<table class="main"><tr><td class="main">

<p><u><b>Bemerkung:</b></u> &#160;Für jedes <math xmlns='http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML' display='inline'>
 <mstyle displaystyle='true'><semantics>
  <mrow>
   <mi>a</mi><mo>&#x2208;</mo><msup>
    <mi>&#x211D;</mi>
    <mrow>
     <mo>&#x003E;</mo><mn>0</mn>
    </mrow>
   </msup>
   
  </mrow>
 <annotation encoding='MathType-MTEF'>
 MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamyyaiabgIGiolabl2riHoaaCaaaleqabaGaeyOpa4JaaGimaaaaaaa@3BB5@</annotation>
</semantics></mstyle>
</math>&#160;<sup>*)</sup> gilt:</p>

<table><tr><td class="def">
<p style="margin-left:15px">1.&#160;&#160;&#160;<math xmlns='http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML' display='inline'>
 <mstyle displaystyle='true'><semantics>
  <mrow>
   <munder>
    <mrow>
     <mi>lim</mi><mo>&#x2061;</mo>
    </mrow>
    <mrow>
     <mi>x</mi><mo>&#x2192;</mo><mi mathvariant='normal'>&#x221E;</mi>
    </mrow>
   </munder>
   <mfrac>
    <mrow>
     <mi>ln</mi><mo>&#x2061;</mo><mi>x</mi>
    </mrow>
    <mrow>
     <msup>
      <mi>x</mi>
      <mi>a</mi>
     </msup>
     
    </mrow>
   </mfrac>
   <mo>=</mo><mn>0</mn>
  </mrow>
 <annotation encoding='MathType-MTEF'>
 MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaWaaCbeaeaaciGGSbGaaiyAaiaac2gaaSqaaiaadIhacqGHsgIRcqGHEisPaeqaaOWaaSaaaeaaciGGSbGaaiOBaiaadIhaaeaacaWG4bWaaWbaaSqabeaacaWGHbaaaaaakiabg2da9iaaicdaaaa@4425@</annotation>
</semantics></mstyle>
</math></p>
</td><td class="num" width="80px">
<span class="num"><a name="16">[8.7.16]</a></span></td></tr>
<tr><td class="def">
<p style="margin-left:15px">2.&#160;&#160;&#160;<math xmlns='http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML' display='inline'>
 <mstyle displaystyle='true'><semantics>
  <mrow>
   <munder>
    <mrow>
     <mi>lim</mi><mo>&#x2061;</mo>
    </mrow>
    <mrow>
     <mi>x</mi><mo>&#x2192;</mo><msup>
      <mn>0</mn>
      <mo>+</mo>
     </msup>
     
    </mrow>
   </munder>
   <mo stretchy='false'>(</mo><msup>
    <mi>x</mi>
    <mi>a</mi>
   </msup>
   <mo lspace='0.1em' rspace='0.1em'>&#x22C5;</mo><mi>ln</mi><mo>&#x2061;</mo><mi>x</mi><mo stretchy='false'>)</mo><mo>=</mo><mn>0</mn>
  </mrow>
 <annotation encoding='MathType-MTEF'>
 MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaWaaCbeaeaaciGGSbGaaiyAaiaac2gaaSqaaiaadIhacqGHsgIRcaaIWaWaaWbaaWqabeaacqGHRaWkaaaaleqaaOGaaiikaiaadIhadaahaaWcbeqaaiaadggaaaGccqGHflY1ciGGSbGaaiOBaiaadIhacaGGPaGaeyypa0JaaGimaaaa@481C@</annotation>
</semantics></mstyle>
</math></p>
</td><td class="num" width="80px">
<span class="num"><a name="17">[8.7.17]</a></span></td></tr></table>
<p style="margin-top:-5pt">___________<br/><sup>*)</sup> Potenzen mit <i>beliebigen</i> Exponenten werden in <a href="8_9.xml" target="_blank">8.9</a> eingeführt.</p>
<p class="beweis"><i>Beweis</i>: &#160;Wir wählen ein <math xmlns='http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML' display='inline'>
 <mstyle displaystyle='true'><semantics>
  <mrow>
   <mi>b</mi><mo>&#x003E;</mo><mn>0</mn>
  </mrow>
 <annotation encoding='MathType-MTEF'>
 MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamOyaiabg6da+iaaicdaaaa@3895@</annotation>
</semantics></mstyle>
</math> so dass <math xmlns='http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML' display='inline'>
 <mstyle displaystyle='true'><semantics>
  <mrow>
   <mi>b</mi><mo>&#x003C;</mo><mi>a</mi>
  </mrow>
 <annotation encoding='MathType-MTEF'>
 MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamOyaiabgYda8iaadggaaaa@38BD@</annotation>
</semantics></mstyle>
</math>, also <math xmlns='http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML' display='inline'>
 <mstyle displaystyle='true'><semantics>
  <mrow>
   <mi>a</mi><mo>&#x2212;</mo><mi>b</mi><mo>&#x003E;</mo><mn>0</mn>
  </mrow>
 <annotation encoding='MathType-MTEF'>
 MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamyyaiabgkHiTiaadkgacqGH+aGpcaaIWaaaaa@3A68@</annotation>
</semantics></mstyle>
</math>, und setzen wieder die zentrale Ungleichung <a class="ref" href="#11">[8.7.11]</a> ein:</p>
<p>1.&#160;<font size="2">&#9658;</font> &#160;Für alle <math xmlns='http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML' display='inline'>
 <mstyle displaystyle='true'><semantics>
  <mrow>
   <mi>x</mi><mo>&#x2265;</mo><mn>1</mn>
  </mrow>
 <annotation encoding='MathType-MTEF'>
 MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamiEaiabgwMiZkaaigdaaaa@396A@</annotation>
</semantics></mstyle>
</math> ist</p>
<div>
<math xmlns='http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML' display='inline'>
 <mstyle displaystyle='true'><semantics>
  <mrow>
   <mn>0</mn><mo>&#x2264;</mo><mfrac>
    <mrow>
     <mi>ln</mi><mo>&#x2061;</mo><mi>x</mi>
    </mrow>
    <mrow>
     <msup>
      <mi>x</mi>
      <mi>a</mi>
     </msup>
     
    </mrow>
   </mfrac>
   <mo>=</mo><mfrac>
    <mn>1</mn>
    <mi>b</mi>
   </mfrac>
   <mo lspace='0.1em' rspace='0.1em'>&#x22C5;</mo><mfrac>
    <mrow>
     <mi>ln</mi><mspace width='0.2em'/><mo>&#x2061;</mo><msup>
      <mi>x</mi>
      <mi>b</mi>
     </msup>
     
    </mrow>
    <mrow>
     <msup>
      <mi>x</mi>
      <mi>a</mi>
     </msup>
     
    </mrow>
   </mfrac>
   <mo>&#x2264;</mo><mfrac>
    <mn>1</mn>
    <mi>b</mi>
   </mfrac>
   <mo lspace='0.1em' rspace='0.1em'>&#x22C5;</mo><mfrac>
    <mrow>
     <msup>
      <mi>x</mi>
      <mi>b</mi>
     </msup>
     <mo>&#x2212;</mo><mn>1</mn>
    </mrow>
    <mrow>
     <msup>
      <mi>x</mi>
      <mi>a</mi>
     </msup>
     
    </mrow>
   </mfrac>
   <mo>&#x2264;</mo><mfrac>
    <mn>1</mn>
    <mi>b</mi>
   </mfrac>
   <mo lspace='0.1em' rspace='0.1em'>&#x22C5;</mo><mfrac>
    <mrow>
     <msup>
      <mi>x</mi>
      <mi>b</mi>
     </msup>
     
    </mrow>
    <mrow>
     <msup>
      <mi>x</mi>
      <mi>a</mi>
     </msup>
     
    </mrow>
   </mfrac>
   <mo>=</mo><mfrac>
    <mn>1</mn>
    <mi>b</mi>
   </mfrac>
   <mo lspace='0.1em' rspace='0.1em'>&#x22C5;</mo><mfrac>
    <mn>1</mn>
    <mrow>
     <msup>
      <mi>x</mi>
      <mrow>
       <mi>a</mi><mo>&#x2212;</mo><mi>b</mi>
      </mrow>
     </msup>
     
    </mrow>
   </mfrac>
   
  </mrow>
 <annotation encoding='MathType-MTEF'>
 MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=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@67D6@</annotation>
</semantics></mstyle>
</math>.
</div>
<p>Da nun <math xmlns='http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML' display='inline'>
 <mstyle displaystyle='true'><semantics>
  <mrow>
   <munder>
    <mrow>
     <mi>lim</mi><mo>&#x2061;</mo>
    </mrow>
    <mrow>
     <mi>x</mi><mo>&#x2192;</mo><mi mathvariant='normal'>&#x221E;</mi>
    </mrow>
   </munder>
   <mfrac>
    <mn>1</mn>
    <mrow>
     <msup>
      <mi>x</mi>
      <mrow>
       <mi>a</mi><mo>&#x2212;</mo><mi>b</mi>
      </mrow>
     </msup>
     
    </mrow>
   </mfrac>
   <mo>=</mo><mn>0</mn>
  </mrow>
 <annotation encoding='MathType-MTEF'>
 MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaWaaCbeaeaaciGGSbGaaiyAaiaac2gaaSqaaiaadIhacqGHsgIRcqGHEisPaeqaaOWaaSaaaeaacaaIXaaabaGaamiEamaaCaaaleqabaGaamyyaiabgkHiTiaadkgaaaaaaOGaeyypa0JaaGimaaaa@43D3@</annotation>
</semantics></mstyle>
</math>, folgt daher die Behauptung.</p>
<p>2.&#160;<font size="2">&#9658;</font> &#160;Hier hat man für alle <math xmlns='http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML' display='inline'>
 <mstyle displaystyle='true'><semantics>
  <mrow>
   <mn>0</mn><mo>&#x003C;</mo><mi>x</mi><mo>&#x2264;</mo><mn>1</mn>
  </mrow>
 <annotation encoding='MathType-MTEF'>
 MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaaGimaiabgYda8iaadIhacqGHKjYOcaaIXaaaaa@3B17@</annotation>
</semantics></mstyle>
</math>:</p>
<div>
<math xmlns='http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML' display='inline'>
 <mstyle displaystyle='true'><semantics>
  <mrow>
   <mn>0</mn><mo>&#x2265;</mo><msup>
    <mi>x</mi>
    <mi>a</mi>
   </msup>
   <mo lspace='0.1em' rspace='0.1em'>&#x22C5;</mo><mi>ln</mi><mo>&#x2061;</mo><mi>x</mi><mo>=</mo><mfrac>
    <mn>1</mn>
    <mi>b</mi>
   </mfrac>
   <mo lspace='0.1em' rspace='0.1em'>&#x22C5;</mo><msup>
    <mi>x</mi>
    <mi>a</mi>
   </msup>
   <mo lspace='0.1em' rspace='0.1em'>&#x22C5;</mo><mi>ln</mi><mspace width='0.2em'/><mo>&#x2061;</mo><msup>
    <mi>x</mi>
    <mi>b</mi>
   </msup>
   <mo>&#x2265;</mo><mfrac>
    <mn>1</mn>
    <mi>b</mi>
   </mfrac>
   <mo lspace='0.1em' rspace='0.1em'>&#x22C5;</mo><msup>
    <mi>x</mi>
    <mi>a</mi>
   </msup>
   <mo lspace='0.1em' rspace='0.1em'>&#x22C5;</mo><mo stretchy='false'>(</mo><mn>1</mn><mo>&#x2212;</mo><mfrac>
    <mn>1</mn>
    <mrow>
     <msup>
      <mi>x</mi>
      <mi>b</mi>
     </msup>
     
    </mrow>
   </mfrac>
   <mo stretchy='false'>)</mo><mo>=</mo><mfrac>
    <mn>1</mn>
    <mi>b</mi>
   </mfrac>
   <mo lspace='0.1em' rspace='0.1em'>&#x22C5;</mo><mo stretchy='false'>(</mo><msup>
    <mi>x</mi>
    <mi>a</mi>
   </msup>
   <mo>&#x2212;</mo><msup>
    <mi>x</mi>
    <mrow>
     <mi>a</mi><mo>&#x2212;</mo><mi>b</mi>
    </mrow>
   </msup>
   <mo stretchy='false'>)</mo>
  </mrow>
 <annotation encoding='MathType-MTEF'>
 MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=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@6A73@</annotation>
</semantics></mstyle>
</math>,
</div>
<p>so dass die Behauptung jetzt aus <math xmlns='http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML' display='inline'>
 <mstyle displaystyle='true'><semantics>
  <mrow>
   <munder>
    <mrow>
     <mi>lim</mi><mo>&#x2061;</mo>
    </mrow>
    <mrow>
     <mi>x</mi><mo>&#x2192;</mo><msup>
      <mn>0</mn>
      <mo>+</mo>
     </msup>
     
    </mrow>
   </munder>
   <mo stretchy='false'>(</mo><msup>
    <mi>x</mi>
    <mi>a</mi>
   </msup>
   <mo>&#x2212;</mo><msup>
    <mi>x</mi>
    <mrow>
     <mi>a</mi><mo>&#x2212;</mo><mi>b</mi>
    </mrow>
   </msup>
   <mo stretchy='false'>)</mo><mo>=</mo><mn>0</mn>
  </mrow>
 <annotation encoding='MathType-MTEF'>
 MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaWaaCbeaeaaciGGSbGaaiyAaiaac2gaaSqaaiaadIhacqGHsgIRcaaIWaWaaWbaaWqabeaacqGHRaWkaaaaleqaaOGaaiikaiaadIhadaahaaWcbeqaaiaadggaaaGccqGHsislcaWG4bWaaWbaaSqabeaacaWGHbGaeyOeI0IaamOyaaaakiaacMcacqGH9aqpcaaIWaaaaa@47CC@</annotation>
</semantics></mstyle>
</math> folgt.</p>
</td></tr></table><br/>&#160;

<p>Funktionen des Typs <math xmlns='http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML' display='inline'>
 <mstyle displaystyle='true'><semantics>
  <mrow>
   <mi>f</mi><mo>&#x22C5;</mo><msup>
    <mi>f</mi>
    <mo>&#x2032;</mo>
   </msup>
   
  </mrow>
 <annotation encoding='MathType-MTEF'>
 MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamOzaiabgwSixlqadAgagaqbaaaa@3A18@</annotation>
</semantics></mstyle>
</math> und <math xmlns='http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML' display='inline'>
 <mstyle displaystyle='true'><semantics>
  <mrow>
   <mfrac>
    <msup>
     <mi>f</mi>
     <mo>&#x2032;</mo>
    </msup>
    
    <mrow>
     <msup>
      <mi>f</mi>
      <mn>2</mn>
     </msup>
     
    </mrow>
   </mfrac>
   
  </mrow>
 <annotation encoding='MathType-MTEF'>
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</semantics></mstyle>
</math> konnten wir in <a class="ref" href="8_1.xml#11" target="_blank">[8.1.11-12]</a> leicht mit einer Stammfunktion versorgen. Mit Hilfe der Logarithmusfunktion finden wir auch für den Typ <math xmlns='http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML' display='inline'>
 <mstyle displaystyle='true'><semantics>
  <mrow>
   <mfrac>
    <msup>
     <mi>f</mi>
     <mo>&#x2032;</mo>
    </msup>
    
    <mi>f</mi>
   </mfrac>
   
  </mrow>
 <annotation encoding='MathType-MTEF'>
 MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaWaaSaaaeaaceWGMbGbauaaaeaacaWGMbaaaaaa@37DE@</annotation>
</semantics></mstyle>
</math> ein passendes Verfahren.</p>
<table class="main"><tr><td class="main">

<p><u><b>Bemerkung&#160;(</b><i>Logarithmische&#160;Integration</i><b>):</b></u> &#160;Ist <math xmlns='http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML' display='inline'>
 <mstyle displaystyle='true'><semantics>
  <mrow>
   <mi>f</mi><mo>:</mo><mi>A</mi><mo>&#x2192;</mo><msup>
    <mi>&#x211D;</mi>
    <mrow>
     <mo>&#x003E;</mo><mn>0</mn>
    </mrow>
   </msup>
   
  </mrow>
 <annotation encoding='MathType-MTEF'>
 MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamOzaiaacQdacaWGbbGaeyOKH4QaeSyhHe6aaWbaaSqabeaacqGH+aGpcaaIWaaaaaaa@3DA7@</annotation>
</semantics></mstyle>
</math> differenzierbar, so ist <math xmlns='http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML' display='inline'>
 <mstyle displaystyle='true'><semantics>
  <mrow>
   <mfrac>
    <msup>
     <mi>f</mi>
     <mo>&#x2032;</mo>
    </msup>
    
    <mi>f</mi>
   </mfrac>
   
  </mrow>
 <annotation encoding='MathType-MTEF'>
 MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaWaaSaaaeaaceWGMbGbauaaaeaacaWGMbaaaaaa@37DE@</annotation>
</semantics></mstyle>
</math> integrierbar und</p>

<table><tr><td class="def">
 <div>
<math xmlns='http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML' display='inline'>
 <mstyle displaystyle='true'><semantics>
  <mrow>
   <mi>ln</mi><mo>&#x2061;</mo><mo>&#x2218;</mo><mi>f</mi>
  </mrow>
 <annotation encoding='MathType-MTEF'>
 MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaciiBaiaac6gacqWIyiYBcaWGMbaaaa@39F5@</annotation>
</semantics></mstyle>
</math> ist eine Stammfunktion zu <math xmlns='http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML' display='inline'>
 <mstyle displaystyle='true'><semantics>
  <mrow>
   <mfrac>
    <msup>
     <mi>f</mi>
     <mo>&#x2032;</mo>
    </msup>
    
    <mi>f</mi>
   </mfrac>
   
  </mrow>
 <annotation encoding='MathType-MTEF'>
 MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaWaaSaaaeaaceWGMbGbauaaaeaacaWGMbaaaaaa@37DE@</annotation>
</semantics></mstyle>
</math>. 
 </div></td><td class="num" width="80px">
<span class="num"><a name="18">[8.7.18]</a></span></td></tr></table>

<p class="beweis"><i>Beweis</i>: &#160;<math xmlns='http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML' display='inline'>
 <mstyle displaystyle='true'><semantics>
  <mrow>
   <mi>ln</mi><mo>&#x2061;</mo><mo>&#x2218;</mo><mi>f</mi>
  </mrow>
 <annotation encoding='MathType-MTEF'>
 MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaciiBaiaac6gacqWIyiYBcaWGMbaaaa@39F5@</annotation>
</semantics></mstyle>
</math> ist gemäß Kettenregel (<a class="ref" href="../Differentialrechnung/7_7.xml#8" target="_blank">[7.7.8]</a>) differenzierbar, und zwar mit folgender Ableitung:
</p>
<div>
<math xmlns='http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML' display='inline'>
 <mstyle displaystyle='true'><semantics>
  <mrow>
   <mo stretchy='false'>(</mo><mi>ln</mi><mo>&#x2061;</mo><mo>&#x2218;</mo><mi>f</mi><msup>
    <mo stretchy='false'>)</mo>
    <mo>&#x2032;</mo>
   </msup>
   <mo>=</mo><msup><mrow><mi>ln</mi><mo>&#x2061;</mo></mrow><mo>&#x2032;</mo></msup><mo>&#x2218;</mo><mi>f</mi><mo>&#x22C5;</mo><msup>
    <mi>f</mi>
    <mo>&#x2032;</mo>
   </msup>
   <mo>=</mo><mfrac>
    <mn>1</mn>
    <mi mathvariant='normal'>X</mi>
   </mfrac>
   <mo>&#x2218;</mo><mi>f</mi><mo>&#x22C5;</mo><msup>
    <mi>f</mi>
    <mo>&#x2032;</mo>
   </msup>
   <mo>=</mo><mfrac>
    <msup>
     <mi>f</mi>
     <mo>&#x2032;</mo>
    </msup>
    
    <mi>f</mi>
   </mfrac>
   
  </mrow>
 <annotation encoding='MathType-MTEF'>
 MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaaiikaiGacYgacaGGUbGaeSigI8MaamOzaiqacMcagaqbaiabg2da9iGacYgacaGGUbGaai4jaiablIHiVjaadAgacqGHflY1ceWGMbGbauaacqGH9aqpdaWcaaqaaiaaigdaaeaacaWGybaaaiablIHiVjaadAgacqGHflY1ceWGMbGbauaacqGH9aqpdaWcaaqaaiqadAgagaqbaaqaaiaadAgaaaaaaa@4F61@</annotation>
</semantics></mstyle>
</math>
</div>
</td></tr></table>

<p>So hat man zum Beispiel:</p>
<ul type="square">
<li>
<p><math xmlns='http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML' display='inline'>
 <mstyle displaystyle='true'><semantics>
  <mrow>
   <mrow><munderover>
    <mo stretchy='true'>&#x222B;</mo>
    <mn>0</mn>
    <mn>1</mn>
   </munderover>
   <mrow>
    <mfrac>
     <mrow>
      <mn>2</mn><mi mathvariant='normal'>X</mi>
     </mrow>
     <mrow>
      <msup>
       <mi mathvariant='normal'>X</mi>
       <mn>2</mn>
      </msup>
      <mo>+</mo><mn>1</mn>
     </mrow>
    </mfrac>
    
   </mrow>
  </mrow><mrow><mphantom><mspace width='0pt' height='14pt'/></mphantom>
  <mo rspace='0.3em' lspace='0.3em'>=</mo><mi>ln</mi><mo>&#x2061;</mo><mo>&#x2218;</mo><mo stretchy='false'>(</mo><msup>
   <mi mathvariant='normal'>X</mi>
   <mn>2</mn>
  </msup>
  <mo>+</mo><mn>1</mn><mo stretchy='false'>)</mo><msubsup>
   <mo stretchy='true' lspace='0.2em' rspace='0.2em'>&#x007C;</mo>
   <mn>0</mn>
   <mn>1</mn>
  </msubsup></mrow>
  <mo rspace='0.3em' lspace='0.3em'>=</mo><mi>ln</mi><mo>&#x2061;</mo><mn>2</mn><mo>&#x2212;</mo><mi>ln</mi><mo>&#x2061;</mo><mn>1</mn><mo rspace='0.3em' lspace='0.3em'>=</mo><mi>ln</mi><mo>&#x2061;</mo><mn>2</mn>
 </mrow>
<annotation encoding='MathType-MTEF'>
MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaWaa8qCaeaadaWcaaqaaiaaikdacaWGybaabaGaamiwamaaCaaaleqabaGaaGOmaaaakiabgUcaRiaaigdaaaaaleaacaaIWaaabaGaaGymaaqdcqGHRiI8aOGaeyypa0JaciiBaiaac6gacqWIyiYBcaGGOaGaamiwamaaCaaaleqabaGaaGOmaaaakiabgUcaRiaaigdacaGGPaGaaiiFamaaDaaaleaacaaIWaaabaGaaGymaaaakiabg2da9iGacYgacaGGUbGaaGOmaiabgkHiTiGacYgacaGGUbGaaGymaiabg2da9iGacYgacaGGUbGaaGOmaaaa@5558@</annotation>
</semantics></mstyle>
</math></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><math xmlns='http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML' display='inline'>
 <mstyle displaystyle='true'><semantics>
  <mrow>
   <mrow><munderover>
    <mo stretchy='true'>&#x222B;</mo>
    <mi>e</mi>
    <mrow>
     <msup>
      <mi>e</mi>
      <mn>2</mn>
     </msup>
     
    </mrow>
   </munderover>
   <mrow>
    <mfrac>
     <mn>1</mn>
     <mrow>
      <mi mathvariant='normal'>X</mi><mo lspace='0.1em' rspace='0.1em'>&#x22C5;</mo><mi>ln</mi><mo>&#x2061;</mo>
     </mrow>
    </mfrac>
    
   </mrow>
  </mrow>
  <mo rspace='0.3em' lspace='0.3em'>=</mo><mrow><munderover>
   <mo stretchy='true'>&#x222B;</mo>
   <mi>e</mi>
   <mrow>
    <msup>
     <mi>e</mi>
     <mn>2</mn>
    </msup>
    
   </mrow>
  </munderover>
  <mrow>
   <mfrac>
    <mrow>
     <mfrac>
      <mn>1</mn>
      <mi mathvariant='normal'>X</mi>
     </mfrac>
     
    </mrow>
    <mrow>
     <mi>ln</mi><mo>&#x2061;</mo>
    </mrow>
   </mfrac>
   
  </mrow>
 </mrow><mrow><mphantom><mspace width='0pt' height='12pt'/></mphantom>
 <mo rspace='0.3em' lspace='0.3em'>=</mo><mi>ln</mi><mo>&#x2061;</mo><mo>&#x2218;</mo><mi>ln</mi><mo>&#x2061;</mo><msubsup>
  <mo stretchy='true' lspace='0.2em' rspace='0.2em'>&#x007C;</mo>
  <mi>e</mi>
  <mrow>
   <msup>
    <mi>e</mi>
    <mn>2</mn>
   </msup>
   
  </mrow>
 </msubsup></mrow>
 <mo rspace='0.3em' lspace='0.3em'>=</mo><mi>ln</mi><mo>&#x2061;</mo><mo stretchy='false'>(</mo><mn>2</mn><mo lspace='0.1em' rspace='0.1em'>&#x22C5;</mo><mi>ln</mi><mo>&#x2061;</mo><mi>e</mi><mo stretchy='false'>)</mo><mo>&#x2212;</mo><mi>ln</mi><mo>&#x2061;</mo><mo stretchy='false'>(</mo><mi>ln</mi><mo>&#x2061;</mo><mi>e</mi><mo stretchy='false'>)</mo><mo rspace='0.3em' lspace='0.3em'>=</mo><mi>ln</mi><mo>&#x2061;</mo><mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding='MathType-MTEF'>
MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=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@6978@</annotation>
</semantics></mstyle>
</math></p>
</li>
<li>
<p>Für <math xmlns='http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML' display='inline'>
 <mstyle displaystyle='true'><semantics>
  <mrow>
   <mi>x</mi><mo>&#x2208;</mo><mo stretchy='false' lspace='0.1em' rspace='0.1em'>]</mo><mo>&#x2212;</mo><mfrac>
    <mi>&#x03C0;</mi>
    <mn>2</mn>
   </mfrac>
   <mo>,</mo><mfrac>
    <mi>&#x03C0;</mi>
    <mn>2</mn>
   </mfrac>
   <mo stretchy='false' lspace='0.1em'>[</mo>
  </mrow>
 <annotation encoding='MathType-MTEF'>
 MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamiEaiabgIGiolaac2facqGHsisldaWcaaqaaiabec8aWbqaaiaaikdaaaGaaiilamaalaaabaGaeqiWdahabaGaaGOmaaaacaGGBbaaaa@40DC@</annotation>
</semantics></mstyle>
</math> ist <math xmlns='http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML' display='inline'>
 <mstyle displaystyle='true'><semantics>
  <mrow>
   <mrow><munderover>
    <mo stretchy='true'>&#x222B;</mo>
    <mn>0</mn>
    <mi>x</mi>
   </munderover>
   <mrow>
    <mi>tan</mi><mo>&#x2061;</mo>
   </mrow>
  </mrow>
  <mo rspace='0.3em' lspace='0.3em'>=</mo><mo>&#x2212;</mo><mrow><munderover>
   <mo stretchy='true'>&#x222B;</mo>
   <mn>0</mn>
   <mi>x</mi>
  </munderover>
  <mrow>
   <mfrac>
    <mrow>
     <mo>&#x2212;</mo><mi>sin</mi><mo>&#x2061;</mo>
    </mrow>
    <mrow>
     <mi>cos</mi><mo>&#x2061;</mo>
    </mrow>
   </mfrac>
   
  </mrow>
 </mrow><mrow><mphantom><mspace width='0pt' height='14pt'/></mphantom>
 <mo rspace='0.3em' lspace='0.3em'>=</mo><mo>&#x2212;</mo><mi>ln</mi><mo>&#x2061;</mo><mo>&#x2218;</mo><mi>cos</mi><mo>&#x2061;</mo><msubsup>
  <mo stretchy='true' lspace='0.2em' rspace='0.2em'>&#x007C;</mo>
  <mn>0</mn>
  <mi>x</mi>
 </msubsup></mrow>
 <mo rspace='0.3em' lspace='0.3em'>=</mo><mo>&#x2212;</mo><mi>ln</mi><mspace width='0.2em'/><mo>&#x2061;</mo><mo stretchy='false'>(</mo><mi>cos</mi><mo>&#x2061;</mo><mi>x</mi><mo stretchy='false'>)</mo><mo>+</mo><mi>ln</mi><mo>&#x2061;</mo><mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding='MathType-MTEF'>
MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaWaa8qCaeaaciGG0bGaaiyyaiaac6gaaSqaaiaaicdaaeaacaWG4baaniabgUIiYdGccqGH9aqpcqGHsisldaWdXbqaamaalaaabaGaeyOeI0Iaci4CaiaacMgacaGGUbaabaGaci4yaiaac+gacaGGZbaaaaWcbaGaaGimaaqaaiaadIhaa0Gaey4kIipakiabg2da9iabgkHiTiGacYgacaGGUbGaeSigI8Maci4yaiaac+gacaGGZbGaaiiFamaaDaaaleaacaaIWaaabaGaamiEaaaakiabg2da9iabgkHiTiGacYgacaGGUbGaaiikaiGacogacaGGVbGaai4CaiaadIhacaGGPaGaey4kaSIaciiBaiaac6gacaaIXaaaaa@60FF@</annotation>
</semantics></mstyle>
</math>, so dass wir mit <math xmlns='http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML' display='inline'>
 <mstyle displaystyle='true'><semantics>
  <mrow>
   <mo>&#x2212;</mo><mi>ln</mi><mo>&#x2061;</mo><mo>&#x2218;</mo><mi>cos</mi><mo>&#x2061;</mo><mo stretchy='false' lspace='0.2em' rspace='0.2em' mathsize='16pt'>&#x007C;</mo><mo stretchy='false' rspace='0.1em'>]</mo><mo>&#x2212;</mo><mfrac>
    <mi>&#x03C0;</mi>
    <mn>2</mn>
   </mfrac>
   <mo>,</mo><mfrac>
    <mi>&#x03C0;</mi>
    <mn>2</mn>
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<p>
<table border="0" width="100%" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0">
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  <a href="integralrechnung.htm#Teil7"><img width="16" height="16" border="0" src="back1.gif"/></a>
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    <td width="34%" align="right"><a href="8_8.xml" title="Die Exponentialfunktion"><img border="0" src="backr.gif" width="7" height="12"/> 8.8.</a></td>
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