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  <meta name="keywords" content="Wachstum, Zerfall, radioaktiv, Wachstumsfunktion, Zerfallsfunktion, exponentielles Wachstum, exponentieller Zerfall, logistisches Wachstum, beschr&#x00E4;nktes Wachstum, Wachstumsgeschwindigkeit,
  Zerfallsgeschwindigkeit, Wachstumskonstante, Zerfallskonstante, Verdopplungszeit, Halbwertzeit, Tragf&#x00E4;higkeit, Strahlungsintensit&#x00E4;t, Barometrische H&#x00F6;henformel, Radiokarbon-Methode, logarithmische Integration, Verhulst, Verhulstgleichung"/>
  <title>mathproject >> Beispiel: Wachstum und Zerfall</title>
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<p><u><b>Definition:</b></u> &#160;</p>

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 <div>
 
 </div></td><td class="num" width="80px">
<span class="num"><a name="11">[7.3.1]</a></span></td></tr></table>

<p class="beweis"><i>Beweis</i>: &#160;<br/>
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<h1><i>Beispiel: Wachstum und Zerfall</i></h1>
<hr noshade="noshade" size="1" style="margin-bottom:20px" />

<p style="margin-left:20px; letter-spacing:2pt"><b>0.&#160; &#x00DC;bersicht</b></p>
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<a style="text-decoration:none" name="top" href="#a1"><i>Exponentielles Wachstum</i>:</a><br/>&#160;<br/>&#160;
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<a style="text-decoration:none" href="#a2"><i>Beschr&#x00E4;nktes Wachstum</i>:</a><br/>&#160;<br/>&#160;
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<a style="text-decoration:none" href="#a3"><i>Logistisches Wachstum</i>:</a><br/>&#160;<br/>&#160;
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<br/>&#160;
<p style="margin-left:20px; letter-spacing:2pt"><b><a name="a1">1.&#160; Exponentielles Wachstum</a></b></p>

<p>In der medizinischen Diagnostik geh&#x00F6;rt der Ansatz von Bakterienkulturen zu den Standardverfahren. W&#x00E4;hrend einer <a style="text-decoration:none" target="_blank" href="bakterienkultur.htm">bestimmten Phase</a> einer solchen Kultur, kommt es zu einer wiederholten Verdopplung der Bakterienzahl nach Ablauf eines charakteristischen Zeitintervalls.
</p>
<p>F&#x00FC;r ein Zeitintervall von einer Stunde liegen bei einem Anfangsbestand von <i>c</i> Individuen etwa folgende Messwerte vor:</p>

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      <td><font size="2"><span>Verstrichene Zeit / h </span></font></td>
      <td width="50" align="center">0</td>
      <td width="50" align="center">1</td>
      <td width="50" align="center">2</td>
      <td width="50" align="center">3</td>
      <td width="50" align="center">4</td>
      <td width="50" align="center">5</td>
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    <tr>
      <td><font size="2"><span>Individuenzahl</span></font></td>
      <td width="50" align="center"><i>c</i></td>
      <td width="50" align="center">2<i>c</i></td>
      <td width="50" align="center">4<i>c</i></td>
      <td width="50" align="center">8<i>c</i></td>
      <td width="50" align="center">16<i>c</i></td>
      <td width="50" align="center">32<i>c</i></td>
    </tr>
  </table>
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<p>Offensichtlich lassen sich die jeweiligen Individuenzahlen mit Hilfe der Zweierpotenzen berechnen: 
</p>
<div>
Nach <i>n</i> Stunden enth&#x00E4;lt die Kultur <i>c</i>2<sup><i>n</i></sup> viele Bakterien.
</div>
<p>Nat&#x00FC;rlich liegt nicht nur zu jeder vollen Stunde eine Bakterienzahl vor, sondern zu <i>jedem beliebigen</i> Zeitpunkt. Man wird also das Wachstum der Kultur detaillierter beschreiben k&#x00F6;nnen, wenn man die Funktion&#160; 
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<p>betrachtet. Interessanterweise ist dies (auf <math xmlns='http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML' display='inline'>
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</semantics></math>) die L&#x00F6;sung einer homogener Differentialgleichung, n&#x00E4;mlich der Gleichung</p>
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<p>Dies motiviert die folgende Definition zur Beschreibung des <i>exponentiellen Wachstums</i>.
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<p><u><b>Definition:</b></u> &#160; <math xmlns='http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML' display='inline'>
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</semantics></math> sei (auf <math xmlns='http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML' display='inline'>
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</semantics></math>) eine L&#x00F6;sung der homogenen Differentialgleichung</p>
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<li>
Ist <math xmlns='http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML' display='inline'>
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</semantics></math>, so nennen wir&#160; <i>f</i> eine (exponentielle) <u>Wachstumsfunktion</u> und <i>a</i> die zugeh&#x00F6;rige <u>Wachstumskonstante</u>.
</li>
</ul>
</td><td class="num" width="80px">
<span class="num"><a name="11">[8.0.11]</a></span></td></tr></table>
<table><tr><td class="def">
<ul>
<li>
Ist <math xmlns='http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML' display='inline'>
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</semantics></math>, so nennen wir&#160; <i>f</i> eine (exponentielle) <u>Zerfallsfunktion</u> und <math xmlns='http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML' display='inline'>
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 MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrVepeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=qqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaeq4UdWMaeyypa0JaeyOeI0Iaamyyaaaa@39F6@</annotation>
</semantics></math> die zugeh&#x00F6;rige <u>Zerfallskonstante</u>.
</li>
</ul>
</td><td class="num" width="80px">
<span class="num"><a name="12">[8.0.12]</a></span></td></tr></table>
<p><math xmlns='http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML' display='inline'>
 <semantics>
  <mrow>
   <mi>f</mi><mo stretchy='false'>(</mo><mi>t</mi><mo stretchy='false'>)</mo>
  </mrow>
 <annotation encoding='MathType-MTEF'>
 MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrVepeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=qqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamOzaiaacIcacaWG0bGaaiykaaaa@38A6@</annotation>
</semantics></math> hei&#x00DF;t der <u>Bestand</u> zum Zeitpunkt <i>t</i> und <math xmlns='http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML' display='inline'>
 <semantics>
  <mrow>
   <msup>
    <mi>f</mi>
    <mo>&#x2032;</mo>
   </msup>
   <mo stretchy='false'>(</mo><mi>t</mi><mo stretchy='false'>)</mo>
  </mrow>
 <annotation encoding='MathType-MTEF'>
 MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrVepeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=qqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGabmOzayaafaGaaiikaiaadshacaGGPaaaaa@38B2@</annotation>
</semantics></math> die <u>Wachstums-</u> bzw. <u>Zerfallsgeschwindigkeit</u> zum Zeitpunkt <i>t</i>. Die Zahl&#160; <math xmlns='http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML' display='inline'>
 <semantics>
  <mrow>
   <mi>f</mi><mo stretchy='false'>(</mo><mn>0</mn><mo stretchy='false'>)</mo>
  </mrow>
 <annotation encoding='MathType-MTEF'>
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</semantics></math> nennen wir auch den <u>Anfangsbestand</u>.</p>
</td></tr></table>

<p><span class="num" style="color:black"><tt>Beachte:</tt></span></p>
<ul>
  <li><p><i>f</i>&#160; ist eine Wachstumsfunktion<math xmlns='http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML' display='inline'>
 <semantics>
  <mrow>
   <mtext>&#x2003;</mtext><mo>&#x21D4;</mo><mtext>&#x2003;</mtext><mi>f</mi><mo stretchy='false'>(</mo><mi>t</mi><mo stretchy='false'>)</mo><mo>=</mo><mi>f</mi><mo stretchy='false'>(</mo><mn>0</mn><mo stretchy='false'>)</mo><mtext>&#x2009;</mtext><msup>
    <mi>e</mi>
    <mrow>
     <mi>a</mi><mi>t</mi>
    </mrow>
   </msup>
   <mtext>&#160; f&#x00FC;r alle &#160;</mtext><mi>t</mi><mo>&#x2265;</mo><mn>0</mn>
  </mrow>
 <annotation encoding='MathType-MTEF'>
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</semantics></math>.</p>
  </li>
  <li><p><i>f</i>&#160; ist eine Zerfallsfunktion<math xmlns='http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML' display='inline'>
 <semantics>
  <mrow>
   <mtext>&#x2003;</mtext><mo>&#x21D4;</mo><mtext>&#x2003;</mtext><mi>f</mi><mo stretchy='false'>(</mo><mi>t</mi><mo stretchy='false'>)</mo><mo>=</mo><mi>f</mi><mo stretchy='false'>(</mo><mn>0</mn><mo stretchy='false'>)</mo><mtext>&#x2009;</mtext><msup>
    <mi>e</mi>
    <mrow>
     <mo>&#x2212;</mo><mi>&#x03BB;</mi><mi>t</mi>
    </mrow>
   </msup>
   <mtext>&#160; f&#x00FC;r alle &#160;</mtext><mi>t</mi><mo>&#x2265;</mo><mn>0</mn>
  </mrow>
 <annotation encoding='MathType-MTEF'>
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</semantics></math>.</p>
  </li>
  <li><p>Alle Bestandswerte, auch der Anfangsbestand&#160; <math xmlns='http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML' display='inline'>
 <semantics>
  <mrow>
   <mi>f</mi><mo stretchy='false'>(</mo><mn>0</mn><mo stretchy='false'>)</mo>
  </mrow>
 <annotation encoding='MathType-MTEF'>
 MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrVepeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=qqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamOzaiaacIcacaaIWaGaaiykaaaa@3867@</annotation>
</semantics></math>, sind positiv:&#160; <math xmlns='http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML' display='inline'>
 <semantics>
  <mrow>
   <mi>f</mi><mo stretchy='false'>(</mo><mi>t</mi><mo stretchy='false'>)</mo><mo>&#x003E;</mo><mn>0</mn><mtext>&#160; f&#x00FC;r alle &#160;</mtext><mi>t</mi><mo>&#x2265;</mo><mn>0</mn>
  </mrow>
 <annotation encoding='MathType-MTEF'>
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</semantics></math>.</p>
  </li>
  <li><p>Die &#x00C4;quivalenz&#160; <math xmlns='http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML' display='inline'>
 <semantics>
  <mrow>
   <msup>
    <mi>f</mi>
    <mo>&#x2032;</mo>
   </msup>
   <mo>&#x2212;</mo><mi>a</mi><mtext>&#x200A;</mtext><mi>f</mi><mo>=</mo><mn>0</mn><mtext>&#x2003;</mtext><mo>&#x21D4;</mo><mtext>&#x2003;</mtext><msup>
    <mi>f</mi>
    <mo>&#x2032;</mo>
   </msup>
   <mo>=</mo><mi>a</mi><mtext>&#x200A;</mtext><mi>f</mi>
  </mrow>
 <annotation encoding='MathType-MTEF'>
 MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrVepeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=qqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGabmOzayaafaGaeyOeI0IaamyyaiaayIW7caWGMbGaeyypa0JaaGimaiaaywW7cqGHuhY2caaMf8UabmOzayaafaGaeyypa0JaamyyaiaayIW7caWGMbaaaa@4746@</annotation>
</semantics></math>&#160; zeigt eine zentrale Eigenschaft exponentieller Wachstums- und Zerfallsfunktionen:&#160; Zu jedem Zeitpunkt <i>t</i> gilt</p>
  <table style="width:92%"><tr><td>
  <div>
  <i>Die Wachstumsgeschwindigkeit ist proportional zum Bestand</i>.
  </div>
  </td><td class="num" width="80px">
<span class="num"><a name="13">[8.0.13]</a></span></td></tr></table>
  <p>Dabei ist der <i>konstante</i> Proportionalit&#x00E4;tsfaktor identisch mit der Wachstumskonstanten <i>a</i>.</p>
  </li>
  <li><p>Wachstums- und Zerfallskonstanten werden in der Dimension <i>pro Zeiteinheit</i> gemessen. Also z.B.</p>
  <div>
  <table style="width:auto">
  <tr>
  <td valign="baseline"><math xmlns='http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML' display='inline'>
 <semantics>
  <mrow>
   <msup>
    <mi>s</mi>
    <mrow>
     <mo>&#x2212;</mo><mn>1</mn>
    </mrow>
   </msup>
   
  </mrow>
 <annotation encoding='MathType-MTEF'>
 MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrVepeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=qqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaam4CamaaCaaaleqabaGaeyOeI0IaaGymaaaaaaa@3836@</annotation>
</semantics></math>&#160;</td>
<td valign="baseline">&#160;(<tt style="font-size:10pt">pro Sekunde</tt>)</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
  <td valign="baseline"><math xmlns='http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML' display='inline'>
 <semantics>
  <mrow>
   <msup>
    <mi>h</mi>
    <mrow>
     <mo>&#x2212;</mo><mn>1</mn>
    </mrow>
   </msup>
   
  </mrow>
 <annotation encoding='MathType-MTEF'>
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</semantics></math>&#160;</td>
<td valign="baseline">&#160;(<tt style="font-size:10pt">pro Stunde</tt>)</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
  <td valign="baseline"><math xmlns='http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML' display='inline'>
 <semantics>
  <mrow>
   <msup>
    <mi>d</mi>
    <mrow>
     <mo>&#x2212;</mo><mn>1</mn>
    </mrow>
   </msup>
   
  </mrow>
 <annotation encoding='MathType-MTEF'>
 MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrVepeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=qqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamizamaaCaaaleqabaGaeyOeI0IaaGymaaaaaaa@3827@</annotation>
</semantics></math>&#160;</td>
<td valign="baseline">&#160;(<tt style="font-size:10pt">pro Tag</tt>)</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
  <td valign="baseline"><math xmlns='http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML' display='inline'>
 <semantics>
  <mrow>
   <msup>
    <mi>a</mi>
    <mrow>
     <mo>&#x2212;</mo><mn>1</mn>
    </mrow>
   </msup>
   
  </mrow>
 <annotation encoding='MathType-MTEF'>
 MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrVepeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=qqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamyyamaaCaaaleqabaGaeyOeI0IaaGymaaaaaaa@3824@</annotation>
</semantics></math>&#160;</td>
<td valign="baseline">&#160;(<tt style="font-size:10pt">pro Jahr</tt>)</td>
  </tr>
  </table>
  </div><br/>&#160;
  </li>
</ul>

<table class="main"><tr><td class="main">

<p><u><b><a name="b1">Beispiel</a>:</b></u> &#160;Das w&#x00F6;chentliche Wachstum eines Algenteppichs wird durch die Differentialgleichung</p>

 <div>
<math xmlns='http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML' display='inline'>
 <semantics>
  <mrow>
   <msup>
    <mi>f</mi>
    <mo>&#x2032;</mo>
   </msup>
   <mo>=</mo><mn>0,1</mn><mtext>&#x2009;</mtext><mi>f</mi>
  </mrow>
 <annotation encoding='MathType-MTEF'>
 MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrVepeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=qqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGabmOzayaafaGaeyypa0JaaGimaiaacYcacaaIXaGaaGPaVlaadAgaaaa@3C01@</annotation>
</semantics></math>
 </div>
<p>beschrieben. Nach welcher Zeit ist ein urspr&#x00FC;nglich <math xmlns='http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML' display='inline'>
 <semantics>
  <mrow>
   <mn>2</mn><msup>
    <mi>m</mi>
    <mn>2</mn>
   </msup>
   
  </mrow>
 <annotation encoding='MathType-MTEF'>
 MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrVepeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=qqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaaGOmaiaad2gadaahaaWcbeqaaiaaikdaaaaaaa@3800@</annotation>
</semantics></math> gro&#x00DF;er Teppich auf <math xmlns='http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML' display='inline'>
 <semantics>
  <mrow>
   <mn>4,45</mn><msup>
    <mi>m</mi>
    <mn>2</mn>
   </msup>
   
  </mrow>
 <annotation encoding='MathType-MTEF'>
 MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrVepeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=qqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaaGinaiaacYcacaaI0aGaaGynaiaad2gadaahaaWcbeqaaiaaikdaaaaaaa@3A2F@</annotation>
</semantics></math> angewachsen?
</p>

<p class="beweis"><i>L&#x00F6;sung</i>: &#160;F&#x00FC;r die zugeh&#x00F6;rige Wachstumsfunktion hat man:&#160; <math xmlns='http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML' display='inline'>
 <semantics>
  <mrow>
   <mi>f</mi><mo stretchy='false'>(</mo><mi>t</mi><mo stretchy='false'>)</mo><mo>=</mo><mi>f</mi><mo stretchy='false'>(</mo><mn>0</mn><mo stretchy='false'>)</mo><mtext>&#x2009;</mtext><msup>
    <mi>e</mi>
    <mrow>
     <mn>0,1</mn><mi>t</mi>
    </mrow>
   </msup>
   <mo>=</mo><mn>2</mn><mtext>&#x2009;</mtext><msup>
    <mi>e</mi>
    <mrow>
     <mn>0,1</mn><mi>t</mi>
    </mrow>
   </msup>
   
  </mrow>
 <annotation encoding='MathType-MTEF'>
 MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrVepeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=qqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamOzaiaacIcacaWG0bGaaiykaiabg2da9iaadAgacaGGOaGaaGimaiaacMcacaaMc8UaamyzamaaCaaaleqabaGaaGimaiaacYcacaaIXaGaamiDaaaakiabg2da9iaaikdacaaMc8UaamyzamaaCaaaleqabaGaaGimaiaacYcacaaIXaGaamiDaaaaaaa@49F6@</annotation>
</semantics></math>. Zu l&#x00F6;sen ist daher die Gleichung
</p>
<div>
<math xmlns='http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML' display='inline'>
 <semantics>
  <mrow>
   <mtable columnalign='left'>
    <mtr columnalign='left'>
     <mtd columnalign='right'>
      <mrow>
       <mi>f</mi><mo stretchy='false'>(</mo><mi>t</mi><mo stretchy='false'>)</mo><mo>=</mo><mn>4,45</mn>
      </mrow>
     </mtd>
     <mtd columnalign='left'>
      <mrow>
       <mtext>&#x2003;</mtext><mo>&#x21D4;</mo><mtext>&#x2003;</mtext><mn>2</mn><mo>&#x22C5;</mo><msup>
        <mi>e</mi>
        <mrow>
         <mn>0,1</mn><mi>t</mi>
        </mrow>
       </msup>
       <mo>=</mo><mn>4,45</mn>
      </mrow>
     </mtd>
    </mtr>
    <mtr columnalign='left'>
     <mtd columnalign='left'>
      <mrow></mrow>
     </mtd>
     <mtd columnalign='left'>
      <mrow>
       <mtext>&#x2003;</mtext><mo>&#x21D4;</mo><mtext>&#x2003;</mtext><mn>0,1</mn><mi>t</mi><mo>=</mo><mi>ln</mi><mo>&#x2061;</mo><mn>2,225</mn><mo>&#x2248;</mo><mn>0,8</mn>
      </mrow>
     </mtd>
    </mtr>
    <mtr columnalign='left'>
     <mtd columnalign='left'>
      <mrow></mrow>
     </mtd>
     <mtd columnalign='left'>
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</div>
</td></tr></table>
<p>Die Zeit <i>T</i>, die ein Wachstumsprozess ben&#x00F6;tigt um seinen Anfangsbestand zu verdoppeln, ist ein &#x00FC;bersichtliches Ma&#x00DF; zum Vergleich verschiedener Wachstumsprozesse. Sie l&#x00E4;&#x00DF;t sich (unabh&#x00E4;ngig vom Anfangsbestand!) leicht &#x00FC;ber die Wachstumskonstante <i>a</i> bestimmen:
</p>
<div>
<math xmlns='http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML' display='inline'>
<mstyle displaystyle='true'>
 <semantics>
  <mrow>
   <mtable columnalign='left'>
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      <mrow>
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      </mrow>
     </mtd>
     <mtd columnalign='left'>
      <mrow>
       <mtext>&#x2003;</mtext><mo>&#x21D4;</mo><mtext>&#x2003;</mtext><mi>f</mi><mo stretchy='false'>(</mo><mn>0</mn><mo stretchy='false'>)</mo><mtext>&#x2009;</mtext><msup>
        <mi>e</mi>
        <mrow>
         <mi>a</mi><mi>T</mi>
        </mrow>
       </msup>
       <mo>=</mo><mn>2</mn><mo>&#x22C5;</mo><mi>f</mi><mo stretchy='false'>(</mo><mn>0</mn><mo stretchy='false'>)</mo>
      </mrow>
     </mtd>
    </mtr>
    <mtr columnalign='left'>
     <mtd columnalign='left'>
      <mrow></mrow>
     </mtd>
     <mtd columnalign='left'>
      <mrow>
       <mtext>&#x2003;</mtext><mo>&#x21D4;</mo><mtext>&#x2003;</mtext><msup>
        <mi>e</mi>
        <mrow>
         <mi>a</mi><mi>T</mi>
        </mrow>
       </msup>
       <mo>=</mo><mn>2</mn>
      </mrow>
     </mtd>
    </mtr>
    <mtr columnalign='left'>
     <mtd columnalign='left'>
      <mrow></mrow>
     </mtd>
     <mtd columnalign='left'>
      <mrow>
       <mtext>&#x2003;</mtext><mo>&#x21D4;</mo><mtext>&#x2003;</mtext><mi>T</mi><mo>=</mo><mfrac>
        <mrow>
         <mi>ln</mi><mo>&#x2061;</mo><mn>2</mn>
        </mrow>
        <mi>a</mi>
       </mfrac>
       
      </mrow>
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    </mtr>
    
   </mtable>
  </mrow>
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<p>Parallel dazu ben&#x00F6;gt ein Zerfallsprozess <math xmlns='http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML' display='inline'>
<mstyle displaystyle='true'>
 <semantics>
  <mrow>
   <mfrac>
    <mrow>
     <mi>ln</mi><mo>&#x2061;</mo><mn>2</mn>
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</mstyle>
</math> Zeiteinheiten um seinen Bestand zu halbieren:</p>
<div>
<math xmlns='http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML' display='inline'>
<mstyle displaystyle='true'>
 <semantics>
  <mrow>
   <mi>f</mi><mo stretchy='false'>(</mo><mfrac>
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     <mi>ln</mi><mo>&#x2061;</mo><mn>2</mn>
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    <mi>&#x03BB;</mi>
   </mfrac>
   <mo stretchy='false'>)</mo><mo>=</mo><mi>f</mi><mo stretchy='false'>(</mo><mn>0</mn><mo stretchy='false'>)</mo><mtext>&#x2009;</mtext><msup>
    <mi>e</mi>
    <mrow>
     <mo>&#x2212;</mo><mi>&#x03BB;</mi><mfrac>
      <mrow>
       <mi>ln</mi><mo>&#x2061;</mo><mn>2</mn>
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      <mi>&#x03BB;</mi>
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    </mrow>
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   <mo>=</mo><mfrac>
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     <mi>f</mi><mo stretchy='false'>(</mo><mn>0</mn><mo stretchy='false'>)</mo>
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    <mrow>
     <msup>
      <mi>e</mi>
      <mrow>
       <mi>ln</mi><mo>&#x2061;</mo><mn>2</mn>
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    </mrow>
   </mfrac>
   <mo>=</mo><mfrac>
    <mrow>
     <mi>f</mi><mo stretchy='false'>(</mo><mn>0</mn><mo stretchy='false'>)</mo>
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    <mn>2</mn>
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  </mrow>
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</math>.
</div>
<p>Wir setzen daher fest:</p>
<table class="main"><tr><td class="main">

<p><u><b>Definition:</b></u> &#160;</p>


 <ul><li>
<p style="margin-bottom:5px">Ist&#160; <i>f</i> eine Wachstumsfunktion, so hei&#x00DF;t die Zahl</p>
<table><tr><td class="def" style="width:330px">
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<math xmlns='http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML' display='inline'>
<mstyle displaystyle='true'>
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    <mrow>
     <mi>ln</mi><mo>&#x2061;</mo><mn>2</mn>
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    <mi>a</mi>
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  </mrow>
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</math>
</div>
</td><td class="num" width="80px">
<span class="num"><a name="14">[8.0.14]</a></span></td></tr></table>
<p style="margin-top:5px">die <u>Verdopplungszeit</u> von&#160; <i>f</i>.</p><br/>&#160;
 </li>
 <li>
<p style="margin-bottom:5px">Ist&#160; <i>f</i> eine Zerfallsfunktion, so hei&#x00DF;t die Zahl</p>
<table><tr><td class="def" style="width:330px">
<div>
<math xmlns='http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML' display='inline'>
<mstyle displaystyle='true'>
 <semantics>
  <mrow>
   <mi>T</mi><mo lspace='0.3em' rspace='0.3em' fontsize='13pt'>&#x2254;</mo><mfrac>
    <mrow>
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    <mi>&#x03BB;</mi>
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</math>
</div>
</td><td class="num" width="80px">
<span class="num"><a name="15">[8.0.15]</a></span></td></tr></table>
<p style="margin-top:5px">die <u>Halbwertzeit</u> von&#160; <i>f</i>.</p>
 </li></ul>
</td></tr></table>

<p>F&#x00FC;r unser Eingangsbeispiel ergibt sich also mit <math xmlns='http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML' display='inline'>
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   <mi>a</mi><mo>=</mo><mi>ln</mi><mo>&#x2061;</mo><mn>2</mn>
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</semantics></math> eine Verdopplungszeit von einer Stunde.
</p>

<p><span class="num" style="color:black"><tt>Beachte:</tt></span></p>
<table><tr><td width="65%">
<ul style="margin-bottom:0">
  <li><p>Wachstumskonstante und Verdopplungszeit sind &#x00FC;ber den Faktor <math xmlns='http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML' display='inline'>
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   <mi>ln</mi><mo>&#x2061;</mo><mn>2</mn>
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</semantics></math> umgekehrt proportional zu einander.</p></li></ul>
  </td><td><p style="margin-left:15pt"><span style="font-size:10pt">&#9658;</span> &#160; &#160;<math xmlns='http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML' display='inline'>
 <semantics>
  <mrow>
   <mi>a</mi><mo>&#x22C5;</mo><mi>T</mi><mo>=</mo><mi>ln</mi><mo>&#x2061;</mo><mn>2</mn>
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</semantics></math></p></td></tr></table>
<br/>&#160;
<table><tr><td width="65%">
<ul style="margin-bottom:0">
  <li><p>Zerfallskonstante und Halbwertzeit sind &#x00FC;ber den Faktor <math xmlns='http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML' display='inline'>
 <semantics>
  <mrow>
   <mi>ln</mi><mo>&#x2061;</mo><mn>2</mn>
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</semantics></math> umgekehrt proportional zu einander.</p></li></ul>
  </td><td><p style="margin-left:15pt"><span style="font-size:10pt">&#9658;</span> &#160; &#160;<math xmlns='http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML' display='inline'>
 <semantics>
  <mrow>
   <mi>&#x03BB;</mi><mo>&#x22C5;</mo><mi>T</mi><mo>=</mo><mi>ln</mi><mo>&#x2061;</mo><mn>2</mn>
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</semantics></math></p>
</td></tr></table>
<br/>&#160;
<table><tr><td width="65%">
<ul style="margin-bottom:0">
  <li><p>Der Bestand verdoppelt, bzw. halbiert sich zu <i>jedem</i> Zeitpunkt <i>t</i> nach Ablauf der Zeit <i>T</i>, also nicht nur zu Beginn (<math xmlns='http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML' display='inline'>
 <semantics>
  <mrow>
   <mi>t</mi><mo>=</mo><mn>0</mn>
  </mrow>
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</semantics></math>) des Prozesses, denn f&#x00FC;r eine Wachstumsfunktion etwa hat man bei beliebigem <i>t</i>:
</p>
<div>
<math xmlns='http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML' display='inline'>
 <semantics>
  <mrow>
   <mtable columnalign='left'>
    <mtr columnalign='left'>
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      <mrow>
       <mi>f</mi><mo stretchy='false'>(</mo><mi>t</mi><mo>+</mo><mi>T</mi><mo stretchy='false'>)</mo>
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     </mtd>
     <mtd columnalign='left'>
      <mrow>
       <mo rspace='0.5em'>=</mo><mi>f</mi><mo stretchy='false'>(</mo><mn>0</mn><mo stretchy='false'>)</mo><mtext>&#x2009;</mtext><msup>
        <mi>e</mi>
        <mrow>
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    <mtr columnalign='left'>
     <mtd columnalign='left'>
      <mrow></mrow>
     </mtd>
     <mtd columnalign='left'>
      <mrow>
       <mo rspace='0.5em'>=</mo><mi>f</mi><mo stretchy='false'>(</mo><mn>0</mn><mo stretchy='false'>)</mo><mtext>&#x2009;</mtext><msup>
        <mi>e</mi>
        <mrow>
         <mi>a</mi><mi>T</mi>
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       </msup>
       <mo>&#x22C5;</mo><msup>
        <mi>e</mi>
        <mrow>
         <mi>a</mi><mi>t</mi>
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       </msup>
       
      </mrow>
     </mtd>
    </mtr>
    <mtr columnalign='left'>
     <mtd columnalign='left'>
      <mrow></mrow>
     </mtd>
     <mtd columnalign='left'>
      <mrow>
       <mo rspace='0.5em'>=</mo><mn>2</mn><mtext>&#x2009;</mtext><mi>f</mi><mo stretchy='false'>(</mo><mn>0</mn><mo stretchy='false'>)</mo><mo>&#x22C5;</mo><msup>
        <mi>e</mi>
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         <mi>a</mi><mi>t</mi>
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      </mrow>
     </mtd>
    </mtr>
    <mtr columnalign='left'>
     <mtd columnalign='left'>
      <mrow></mrow>
     </mtd>
     <mtd columnalign='left'>
      <mrow>
       <mo rspace='0.5em'>=</mo><mn>2</mn><mtext>&#x2009;</mtext><mi>f</mi><mo stretchy='false'>(</mo><mi>t</mi><mo stretchy='false'>)</mo>
      </mrow>
     </mtd>
    </mtr>
    
   </mtable>
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</li></ul>
  </td></tr></table>
  
<table class="main"><tr><td class="main">

<p><u><b>Beispiel:</b></u> &#160;Die Halbwertzeit von Radium 226 betr&#x00E4;gt ungef&#x00E4;hr 1620 Jahre. Nach wie vielen Jahren sind 80% einer Ausgangsmenge dieses Elements zerfallen?</p>

<p class="beweis"><i>L&#x00F6;sung</i>: &#160;Wir ben&#x00F6;tigen die zugeh&#x00F6;rige Zerfallsfunktion und berechnen dazu zun&#x00E4;chst die Zerfallskonstante:</p>
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<p>Nach Ablauf der gesuchten Zeit <i>t</i> (in Jahren) sind nur noch 20% der Ausgangsmenge vorhanden, daher ist <i>t</i> bestimmt durch die Bedingung</p>
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<p>In der Physik findet man viele "klassische" Anwendungsbereiche f&#x00FC;r Zerfallsfunktionen. Der gerade im Beispiel betrachtete <i>radioaktive Zerfall</i> ist sicherlich das bekannteste. Weitere physikalische Beispiele sind:
</p>
<ul>
<li><p>Die <i>Abnahme von Strahlungsintensit&#x00E4;ten</i> (R&#x00F6;ntgenstrahlen etwa verlieren beim Durchgang durch Bleischirme an Intensit&#x00E4;t, Laserstrahlen beim Durchgang durch ein Medium).</p></li>
<li><p>Der <i>R&#x00FC;ckgang des Luftdrucks</i> mit steigender H&#x00F6;he wird durch die <a style="text-decoration:none" target="_blank" href="http://www.physik.rwth-aachen.de/group/IIIphys/INFOS/Exscript/8Kapitel/IIX6Kapitel.html">Barometrische H&#x00F6;henformel</a></p>
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<p>beschrieben.</p></li>
<li><p>Die <i>Datierung arch&#x00E4;ologischer Funde</i> durch die Radiokarbon-Methode (C-14-Methode):</p><p>Nat&#x00FC;rlicher Kohlenstoff enth&#x00E4;lt einen konstanten Anteil des radioaktiven Iosotops <sup>14</sup>C. Durch Austauschprozesse wird dieser Anteil auch in <i>lebenden</i> Organismen konstant gehalten. Nach dem Tod verringert er sich jedoch stetig, da der Zerfall nicht durch Neuaufnahmen kompensiert werden kann.</p>
<p>Wir berechnen als Beispiel das Alter eines Holzbalkens, der pro Minute 8 Entladungsimpulse <sup>14</sup>C pro g Kohlenstoff abgibt. Bei frischem Holz betr&#x00E4;gt dieser Wert 15,3. <sup>14</sup>C hat eine Halbwertzeit von 5760 Jahren, also eine Zerfallskonstante von <math xmlns='http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML' display='inline'>
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</math>. Wir messen also mit</p>
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<p>die Anzahl der Entladungsimpulse pro Minute und Gramm zum Zeitpunkt <i>t</i> (in Jahren). &#x00DC;ber die Gleichung</p>
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<p>erhalten wir als L&#x00F6;sung ein Alter von ca. 5390 Jahren.</p><br/>&#160;</li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-left:20px; letter-spacing:2pt"><b><a name="a2">2.&#160; Beschr&#x00E4;nktes Wachstum</a></b></p>
<p>Nicht jeder Wachstumsprozess kann exponentiell verlaufen, d.h. die Bedingung <a class="ref" href="#13">[8.0.13]</a> erf&#x00FC;llen. Die Temperatur einer Fl&#x00FC;ssigkeit etwa, die in einem ideal isolierten Beh&#x00E4;lter von einer Heizspirale mit konstanter Oberfl&#x00E4;chentemperatur <math xmlns='http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML' display='inline'>
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<p>Auch wird die Aufw&#x00E4;rmgeschwindigkeit nicht proportional zur bestehenden Temperatur sein, sondern - ganz im Gegenteil - sie wird um so kleiner sein, je niedriger die Temperatur<i>differenz</i> ist, sie ist also proportional zu <math xmlns='http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML' display='inline'>
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 MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrVepeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=qqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamivamaaBaaaleaacaWGpbaabeaakiabgkHiTiaadsfacaGGOaGaamiDaiaacMcaaaa@3B64@</annotation>
</semantics></math>. Der Temperaturverlauf <math xmlns='http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML' display='inline'>
 <semantics>
  <mrow>
   <mi>T</mi><mo stretchy='false'>(</mo><mi>t</mi><mo stretchy='false'>)</mo>
  </mrow>
 <annotation encoding='MathType-MTEF'>
 MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrVepeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=qqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamivaiaacIcacaWG0bGaaiykaaaa@3894@</annotation>
</semantics></math> in der Fl&#x00FC;ssigkeit l&#x00E4;&#x00DF;t sich daher durch die <i>inhomogene</i> Differentialgleichung</p>
<div>
<math xmlns='http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML' display='inline'>
 <semantics>
  <mrow>
   <msup>
    <mi>T</mi>
    <mo>&#x2032;</mo>
   </msup>
   <mo stretchy='false'>(</mo><mi>t</mi><mo stretchy='false'>)</mo><mo>=</mo><mi>a</mi><mo stretchy='false'>(</mo><msub>
    <mi>T</mi>
    <mi>O</mi>
   </msub>
   <mo>&#x2212;</mo><mi>T</mi><mo stretchy='false'>(</mo><mi>t</mi><mo stretchy='false'>)</mo><mo stretchy='false'>)</mo><mtext>&#x2003;</mtext><mo>&#x21D4;</mo><mtext>&#x2003;</mtext><msup>
    <mi>T</mi>
    <mo>&#x2032;</mo>
   </msup>
   <mo stretchy='false'>(</mo><mi>t</mi><mo stretchy='false'>)</mo><mo>+</mo><mi>a</mi><mi>T</mi><mo stretchy='false'>(</mo><mi>t</mi><mo stretchy='false'>)</mo><mo>=</mo><mi>a</mi><msub>
    <mi>T</mi>
    <mi>O</mi>
   </msub>
   
  </mrow>
 <annotation encoding='MathType-MTEF'>
 MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrVepeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=qqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGabmivayaafaGaaiikaiaadshacaGGPaGaeyypa0JaamyyaiaacIcacaWGubWaaSbaaSqaaiaad+eaaeqaaOGaeyOeI0IaamivaiaacIcacaWG0bGaaiykaiaacMcacaaMf8Uaeyi1HSTaaGzbVlqadsfagaqbaiaacIcacaWG0bGaaiykaiabgUcaRiaadggacaWGubGaaiikaiaadshacaGGPaGaeyypa0JaamyyaiaadsfadaWgaaWcbaGaam4taaqabaaaaa@5347@</annotation>
</semantics></math>
</div>
<p>beschreiben.</p>

<table class="main"><tr><td class="main">

<p><u><b>Definition:</b></u> &#160;Die L&#x00F6;sungen&#160; <math xmlns='http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML' display='inline'>
 <semantics>
  <mrow>
   <mi>f</mi><mo>:</mo><msup>
    <mi>&#x211D;</mi>
    <mrow>
     <mo>&#x2265;</mo><mn>0</mn>
    </mrow>
   </msup>
   <mo>&#x2192;</mo><msup>
    <mi>&#x211D;</mi>
    <mrow>
     <mo>&#x003E;</mo><mn>0</mn>
    </mrow>
   </msup>
   
  </mrow>
 <annotation encoding='MathType-MTEF'>
 MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrVepeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=qqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamOzaiaacQdacqWIDesOdaahaaWcbeqaaiabgwMiZkaaicdaaaGccqGHsgIRcqWIDesOdaahaaWcbeqaaiabg6da+iaaicdaaaaaaa@4085@</annotation>
</semantics></math> der inhomogenen Differentialgleichung</p>

<table><tr><td class="def">
 <div>
<math xmlns='http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML' display='inline'>
 <semantics>
  <mrow>
   <msup>
    <mi>f</mi>
    <mo>&#x2032;</mo>
   </msup>
   <mo>+</mo><mi>a</mi><mi>f</mi><mo>=</mo><mi>a</mi><mi>c</mi>
  </mrow>
 <annotation encoding='MathType-MTEF'>
 MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrVepeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=qqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGabmOzayaafaGaey4kaSIaamyyaiaadAgacqGH9aqpcaWGHbGaam4yaaaa@3BE7@</annotation>
</semantics></math> 
 </div>
</td><td class="num" width="80px">
<span class="num"><a name="16">[8.0.16]</a></span></td></tr></table>

<p>nennen wir <u>beschr&#x00E4;nkte Wachstumsfunktionen</u>.</p>
</td></tr></table>
<p>Nach <a class="ref" href="8_11.xml#6" target="_blank">[8.11.6]</a> sind die L&#x00F6;sungen von <a class="ref" href="#16">[8.0.16]</a> gegeben durch&#160; 
<math xmlns='http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML' display='inline'>
 <semantics>
  <mrow>
   <mi>f</mi><mo stretchy='false'>(</mo><mn>0</mn><mo stretchy='false'>)</mo><mtext>&#x2009;</mtext><msup>
    <mi>e</mi>
    <mrow>
     <mo>&#x2212;</mo><mi>a</mi><mi mathvariant='normal'>X</mi>
    </mrow>
   </msup>
   <mo>+</mo><mi>a</mi><mi>c</mi><mo>&#x2217;</mo><msup>
    <mi>e</mi>
    <mrow>
     <mo>&#x2212;</mo><mi>a</mi><mi mathvariant='normal'>X</mi>
    </mrow>
   </msup>
   
  </mrow>
 <annotation encoding='MathType-MTEF'>
 MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrVepeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=qqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamOzaiaacIcacaaIWaGaaiykaiaaykW7caWGLbWaaWbaaSqabeaacqGHsislcaWGHbacbaGaa8hwaaaakiabgUcaRiaadggacaWGJbGaey4fIOIaamyzamaaCaaaleqabaGaeyOeI0Iaamyyaiaa=Hfaaaaaaa@452A@</annotation>
</semantics></math>, man hat also:</p>
<div>
<i>f</i>&#160; ist eine beschr&#x00E4;nkte Wachstumsfunktion<math xmlns='http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML' display='inline'>
 <semantics>
  <mrow>
   <mtext>&#x2003;</mtext><mo>&#x21D4;</mo><mtext>&#x2003;</mtext><mi>f</mi><mo stretchy='false'>(</mo><mi>t</mi><mo stretchy='false'>)</mo><mo>=</mo><mo stretchy='false' rspace='0.3em'>(</mo><mi>f</mi><mo stretchy='false'>(</mo><mn>0</mn><mo stretchy='false'>)</mo><mtext>&#x2009;</mtext><mo>&#x2212;</mo><mi>c</mi><mo stretchy='false'>)</mo><mtext>&#x2009;</mtext><msup>
    <mi>e</mi>
    <mrow>
     <mo>&#x2212;</mo><mi>a</mi><mi>t</mi>
    </mrow>
   </msup>
   <mo>+</mo><mi>c</mi><mtext>&#160; f&#x00FC;r alle &#160;</mtext><mi>t</mi><mo>&#x2265;</mo><mn>0</mn>
  </mrow>
 <annotation encoding='MathType-MTEF'>
 MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrVepeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=qqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaaGzbVlabgsDiBlaaywW7caWGMbGaaiikaiaadshacaGGPaGaeyypa0JaaiikaiaadAgacaGGOaGaaGimaiaacMcacaaMc8UaeyOeI0Iaam4yaiaacMcacaaMc8UaamyzamaaCaaaleqabaGaeyOeI0IaamyyaiaadshaaaGccqGHRaWkcaWGJbGaaeOzaiaabYpacaqGYbGaaeiiaiaabggacaqGSbGaaeiBaiaabwgacaWG0bGaeyyzImRaaGimaaaa@5940@</annotation>
</semantics></math>.
</div>

<p><math xmlns='http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML' display='inline'>
 <mstyle displaystyle='true'><semantics>
  <mrow>
   <mi>c</mi><mo>=</mo><munder>
    <mrow>
     <mi>lim</mi><mo>&#x2061;</mo>
    </mrow>
    <mrow>
     <mi>t</mi><mo>&#x2192;</mo><mi>&#x221E;</mi>
    </mrow>
   </munder><mspace width='0.2em'/>
   <mi>f</mi><mo stretchy='false'>(</mo><mi>t</mi><mo stretchy='false'>)</mo>
  </mrow>
 <annotation encoding='MathType-MTEF'>
 MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaam4yaiabg2da9maaxababaGaciiBaiaacMgacaGGTbaaleaacaWG0bGaeyOKH4QaeyOhIukabeaakiaadAgacaGGOaGaamiDaiaacMcaaaa@4281@</annotation>
</semantics></mstyle>
</math>&#160; gibt dabei offensichtlich das Supremum (bzw. Infimum) des Bestands an.</p>

<p>Der im Eingangsbeispiel gesuchte Temperaturverlauf l&#x00E4;&#x00DF;t sich also durch&#160; <math xmlns='http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML' display='inline'>
 <semantics>
  <mrow>
   <mi>T</mi><mo stretchy='false'>(</mo><mi>t</mi><mo stretchy='false'>)</mo><mo>=</mo><mo stretchy='false'>(</mo><mi>T</mi><mo stretchy='false'>(</mo><mn>0</mn><mo stretchy='false'>)</mo><mtext>&#x2009;</mtext><mo>&#x2212;</mo><msub>
    <mi>T</mi>
    <mi>O</mi>
   </msub>
   <mo stretchy='false'>)</mo><mtext>&#x2009;</mtext><msup>
    <mi>e</mi>
    <mrow>
     <mo>&#x2212;</mo><mi>a</mi><mi>t</mi>
    </mrow>
   </msup>
   <mo>+</mo><msub>
    <mi>T</mi>
    <mi>O</mi>
   </msub>
   
  </mrow>
 <annotation encoding='MathType-MTEF'>
 MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrVepeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=qqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamivaiaacIcacaWG0bGaaiykaiabg2da9iaacIcacaWGubGaaiikaiaaicdacaGGPaGaaGPaVlabgkHiTiaadsfadaWgaaWcbaGaam4taaqabaGccaGGPaGaaGPaVlaadwgadaahaaWcbeqaaiabgkHiTiaadggacaWG0baaaOGaey4kaSIaamivamaaBaaaleaacaWGpbaabeaaaaa@4A6D@</annotation>
</semantics></math> beschreiben. F&#x00FC;r <math xmlns='http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML' display='inline'>
 <semantics>
  <mrow>
   <mi>a</mi><mo>=</mo><mfrac>
    <mn>1</mn>
    <mn>2</mn>
   </mfrac>
   
  </mrow>
 <annotation encoding='MathType-MTEF'>
 MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrVepeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=qqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamyyaiabg2da9maalaaabaGaaGymaaqaaiaaikdaaaaaaa@38DC@</annotation>
</semantics></math>, <math xmlns='http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML' display='inline'>
 <semantics>
  <mrow>
   <msub>
    <mi>T</mi>
    <mi>O</mi>
   </msub>
   <mo>=</mo><mn>90</mn>
  </mrow>
 <annotation encoding='MathType-MTEF'>
 MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrVepeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=qqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamivamaaBaaaleaacaWGpbaabeaakiabg2da9iaaiMdacaaIWaaaaa@39CF@</annotation>
</semantics></math> und <math xmlns='http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML' display='inline'>
 <semantics>
  <mrow>
   <mi>T</mi><mo stretchy='false'>(</mo><mn>0</mn><mo stretchy='false'>)</mo><mo>=</mo><mn>10</mn>
  </mrow>
 <annotation encoding='MathType-MTEF'>
 MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrVepeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=qqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamivaiaacIcacaaIWaGaaiykaiabg2da9iaaigdacaaIWaaaaa@3AD0@</annotation>
</semantics></math> ist diese Funktion in der <a style="text-decoration:none" href="#top">&#x00DC;bersicht</a> skizziert.</p>

<table><tr>
<td valign="top"><p style="margin-right:20px">Das folgende Beispiel zeigt, dass man die Osmose als einen beschr&#x00E4;nkten Wachstumsprozess auffassen kann.</p>
<p style="margin-right:20px">Die Vertreter der Gattung <i>Chaetopterus</i> sind bodenbewohnende R&#x00F6;hrenw&#x00FC;rmer der Meere. Die Salzkonzentration ihrer Eier ist identisch mit der des umgebenden Seewassers. Legt man ein solches Ei in verd&#x00FC;nntes Seewasser, so wird durch osmotischen Druck so lange Wasser in die Eizelle einstr&#x00F6;men bis die Salzkonzentrationen wieder ausgeglichen sind. 
Die folgende Grafik zeigt die damit verbundene Volumenzunahme:</p></td>
<td valign="top" width="200" align="center"><img src="variopedatus.jpg" width="200" height="179" border="1"/>
<p style="font-size:7pt; font-family:Verdana; margin-top:0px">Chaetopterus variopedatus</p></td>
</tr>
</table>
<table>
<tr><td valign="top" width="200">
<img src="chaetopterus_grafik.gif" width="300" height="164"/>
</td>
<td valign="top"><p style="margin-left:20px; margin-top:10px">Dieser Verlauf l&#x00E4;&#x00DF;t sich gut durch eine beschr&#x00E4;nkte Wachstumsfunktion beschreiben, denn die Geschwindigkeit der Volumenzunahme ist direkt proportional zur Differenz der Salzkonzentrationen.
<br/>Mit <math xmlns='http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML' display='inline'>
 <mstyle displaystyle='true'><semantics>
  <mrow>
   <mi>V</mi><mo stretchy='false'>(</mo><mn>0</mn><mo stretchy='false'>)</mo><mo>=</mo><mn>60</mn>
  </mrow>
 <annotation encoding='MathType-MTEF'>
 MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamOvaiaacIcacaaIWaGaaiykaiabg2da9iaaiAdacaaIWaaaaa@3B5A@</annotation>
</semantics></mstyle>
</math> und <math xmlns='http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML' display='inline'>
 <mstyle displaystyle='true'><semantics>
  <mrow>
   <mi>c</mi><mo>=</mo><mn>84</mn>
  </mrow>
 <annotation encoding='MathType-MTEF'>
 MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaam4yaiabg2da9iaaiIdacaaI0aaaaa@395A@</annotation>
</semantics></mstyle>
</math> hat man also</p>
<div style="margin-top:-10px">
<math xmlns='http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML' display='inline'>
 <mstyle displaystyle='true'><semantics>
  <mrow>
   <mi>V</mi><mo stretchy='false'>(</mo><mi>t</mi><mo stretchy='false'>)</mo><mo>=</mo><mo>&#x2212;</mo><mn>24</mn><mtext>&#x2009;</mtext><msup>
    <mi>e</mi>
    <mrow>
     <mo>&#x2212;</mo><mi>a</mi><mi>t</mi>
    </mrow>
   </msup>
   <mo>+</mo><mn>84</mn>
  </mrow>
 <annotation encoding='MathType-MTEF'>
 MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamOvaiaacIcacaWG0bGaaiykaiabg2da9iabgkHiTiaaikdacaaI0aGaaGPaVlaadwgadaahaaWcbeqaaiabgkHiTiaadggacaWG0baaaOGaey4kaSIaaGioaiaaisdaaaa@4460@</annotation>
</semantics></mstyle>
</math>,
</div>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
<p style="margin-top:0px">und die Information&#160; <math xmlns='http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML' display='inline'>
 <mstyle displaystyle='true'><semantics>
  <mrow>
   <mi>V</mi><mo stretchy='false'>(</mo><mn>5</mn><mo stretchy='false'>)</mo><mo>=</mo><mn>82</mn><mtext>&#x2009;&#x200A;&#x200A;</mtext><mtext>&#x2009;&#x200A;&#x200A;</mtext><mo>&#x21D4;</mo><mtext>&#x2009;&#x200A;&#x200A;</mtext><mtext>&#x2009;&#x200A;&#x200A;</mtext><mo>&#x2212;</mo><mn>24</mn><mtext>&#x2009;</mtext><msup>
    <mi>e</mi>
    <mrow>
     <mo>&#x2212;</mo><mn>5</mn><mi>a</mi>
    </mrow>
   </msup>
   <mo>+</mo><mn>84</mn><mo>=</mo><mn>82</mn>
  </mrow>
 <annotation encoding='MathType-MTEF'>
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</math>. Also ist</p>
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<p>Wenngleich die Osmose in vielen biologischen Systemen eine entscheidende Bedeutung hat, so ist sie doch ein rein physikalisches Ph&#x00E4;nomen. &#x00DC;berhaupt findet man in der Physik viele Anwendungsbeispiele f&#x00FC;r beschr&#x00E4;nkte Wachstumsfunktionen, wie etwa die Beschreibung der <i>Abk&#x00FC;hlung eines hei&#x00DF;en K&#x00F6;rpers</i> oder der <i>Entladung eines Kondensators</i>.</p><br/>&#160;

<p style="margin-left:20px; letter-spacing:2pt"><b><a name="a3">3.&#160; Logistisches Wachstum</a></b></p>
<p>W&#x00E4;hrend die physikalischen Beispiele i.a. recht exakt durch unsere mathematischen &#x00DC;berlegungen beschrieben werden, trifft dies auf andere Anwendungen, wie etwa in der Biologie, nur eingeschr&#x00E4;nkt zu.</p>
<p>Die Bakterienkultur aus dem Eingangsbeispiel wird sich nur in einer bestimmten Phase ideal verhalten, so dass die notierte exponentielle Wachstumsfunktion nur f&#x00FC;r einen begrenzten Zeitraum eine g&#x00FC;ltige Beschreibung liefert. So wird etwa die Gr&#x00F6;&#x00DF;e der Petrischale, der Vorrat an N&#x00E4;hrstoffen und die Ansammlung von toxischen Stoffwechselprodukten zu einem begrenzenden Faktor beitragen, der um so st&#x00E4;rker ins Gewicht f&#x00E4;llt, je gr&#x00F6;&#x00DF;er die Population ist</p>
<p>Die Wachstumsgeschwindigkeit <math xmlns='http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML' display='inline'>
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</semantics></math> der Population, den Wert 0 haben.</p>
<p>Als ein erstes Beispiel f&#x00FC;r einen solchen Faktor f&#x00FC;hrt der belgische Mathematiker <a href="http://www-history.mcs.st-and.ac.uk/history/Mathematicians/Verhulst.html" target="_blank" style="text-decoration:none">Pierre Fran&#x00e7;ois Verhulst</a> 1846 den Ausdruck <math xmlns='http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML' display='inline'> 1846 den Ausdruck 
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</math> ein. F&#x00FC;r Bestandswerte weit unterhalb der Tragf&#x00E4;higkeit liefert er Werte nahe bei <i>a</i>, hat der Bestand seine Tragf&#x00E4;higkeit erreicht - <math xmlns='http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML' display='inline'>
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</semantics></math> -, ist der Faktor gleich Null. Die modifizierte Differentialgleichung, die <i>Verhulstgleichung</i></p>
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<p>ist allerdings nicht mehr linear. Mit Hilfe der <span class="inf" style="white-space:normal" onmouseover="if(active0==0){position('tip0','tab0',event.clientX,event.clientY); document.getElementById('tip0').className='tooltip_v'};active0=1">
logarithmischen Integration<img class="inf" style="margin-left:3px; margin-right:3px" src="../info.gif" width="10" height="10"/></span>
<span id="tip0" class="tooltip_h">
<table id="tab0" border="0" style="width:220px" ><tr><td onmousedown="x0=event.clientX;y0=event.clientY;fix('tip0')" onmouseup="drag=0" style="border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-color:blue; font-family:monospace"><p style="cursor: move; color:blue; margin-top:-5px; margin-bottom:0px; size:12pt; font-weight:bold">&#160;i</p><img onclick="active0=0;document.getElementById('tip0').className='tooltip_h'" src="../close.gif" width="10" height="10" style="float: right; margin-top:-15px"/></td></tr>
<tr><td>
<p style="white-space:normal"><math xmlns='http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML' display='inline'>
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</math>&#160; ist eine Stammfunktion zu&#160; <math xmlns='http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML' display='inline'>
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</td></tr></table>
</span> jedoch k&#x00F6;nnen wir auch diese Gleichung l&#x00F6;sen, zumindest f&#x00FC;r Best&#x00E4;nde, die ihre Tragf&#x00E4;higkeit nie erreichen.</p>
<table class="main"><tr><td class="main">

<p><u><b>Definition:</b></u> &#160;Es sei&#160; <math xmlns='http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML' display='inline'>
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</math>. Die L&#x00F6;sungen&#160; <math xmlns='http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML' display='inline'>
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</semantics></math> der Differentialgleichung</p>

<table><tr><td class="def">
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<math xmlns='http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML' display='inline'>
<mstyle displaystyle='true'>
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<span class="num"><a name="17">[8.0.17]</a></span></td></tr></table>
<p>nennen wir <u>logistische Wachstumsfunktionen</u>.</p>
</td></tr></table>

<p>Mit der Abk&#x00FC;rzung <math xmlns='http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML' display='inline'>
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</math> zeigen wir jetzt:</p>
<div>
<i>f</i>&#160; ist eine logistische Wachstumsfunktion<math xmlns='http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML' display='inline'>
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<p>Logistische Wachstumsfunktionen sind also insbesondere beliebig oft differenzierbar.</p>
<p class="beweis"><i>Beweis</i>: &#160;Wir l&#x00F6;sen dazu die Gleichung <a class="ref" href="#17">[8.0.17]</a>, also die Gleichung</p>
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         <mi>T</mi><msup>
          <mi>f</mi>
          <mo>&#x2032;</mo>
         </msup>
         
        </mrow>
        <mrow>
         <mo stretchy='false'>(</mo><mi>T</mi><mo>&#x2212;</mo><mi>f</mi><mo stretchy='false' rspace='0.2em'>)</mo><mi>f</mi>
        </mrow>
       </mfrac>
       <mo>=</mo><mi>a</mi>
      </mrow>
     </mtd>
    </mtr>
    <mtr columnalign='left'>
     <mtd columnalign='left'>
      <mo rspace='0.5em'>&#x21D4;</mo>
     </mtd>
     <mtd columnalign='left'>
      <mrow>
       <mfrac>
        <msup>
         <mi>f</mi>
         <mo>&#x2032;</mo>
        </msup>
        
        <mi>f</mi>
       </mfrac>
       <mo>+</mo><mfrac>
        <msup>
         <mi>f</mi>
         <mo>&#x2032;</mo>
        </msup>
        
        <mrow>
         <mi>T</mi><mo>&#x2212;</mo><mi>f</mi>
        </mrow>
       </mfrac>
       <mo>=</mo><mi>a</mi>
      </mrow>
     </mtd>
    </mtr>
    <mtr columnalign='left'>
     <mtd columnalign='left'>
      <mo rspace='0.5em'>&#x21D4;</mo>
     </mtd>
     <mtd columnalign='left'>
      <mrow>
       <mo stretchy='false'>(</mo><mi>ln</mi><mo>&#x2061;</mo><mi>f</mi><msup>
        <mo stretchy='false'>)</mo>
        <mo>&#x2032;</mo>
       </msup>
       <mo>&#x2212;</mo><mo stretchy='false'>(</mo><mi>ln</mi><mo>&#x2061;</mo><mo stretchy='false'>(</mo><mi>T</mi><mo>&#x2212;</mo><mi>f</mi><mo stretchy='false'>)</mo><msup>
        <mo stretchy='false'>)</mo>
        <mo>&#x2032;</mo>
       </msup>
       <mo>=</mo><mi>a</mi><mtext>&#160; &#160; &#160; (logarithmische Integration)</mtext>
      </mrow>
     </mtd>
    </mtr>
    <mtr columnalign='left'>
     <mtd columnalign='left'>
      <mo rspace='0.5em'>&#x21D4;</mo>
     </mtd>
     <mtd columnalign='left'>
      <mrow>
       <mo stretchy='false'>(</mo><mi>ln</mi><mo>&#x2061;</mo><mfrac>
        <mi>f</mi>
        <mrow>
         <mi>T</mi><mo>&#x2212;</mo><mi>f</mi>
        </mrow>
       </mfrac>
       <msup>
        <mo stretchy='false'>)</mo>
        <mo>&#x2032;</mo>
       </msup>
       <mo>=</mo><mi>a</mi>
      </mrow>
     </mtd>
    </mtr>
    
   </mtable>
  </mrow>
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</mstyle>
</math>
</div>
<p>Funktionen auf Intervallen mit konstanter Ableitung sind linear, also hat man</p>
<div>
<math xmlns='http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML' display='inline'>
<mstyle displaystyle='true'>
 <semantics>
  <mrow>
   <mi>ln</mi><mo>&#x2061;</mo><mfrac>
    <mi>f</mi>
    <mrow>
     <mi>T</mi><mo>&#x2212;</mo><mi>f</mi>
    </mrow>
   </mfrac>
   <mo>=</mo><mi>a</mi><mi mathvariant='normal'>X</mi><mo>+</mo><mi>b</mi><mo stretchy='false' mathsize='14pt' lspace='0.1em'>&#x007C;</mo><msup>
    <mi>&#x211D;</mi>
    <mrow>
     <mo>&#x2265;</mo><mn>0</mn>
    </mrow>
   </msup>
   <mtext>&#x2003;</mtext><mo>&#x21D4;</mo><mtext>&#x2003;</mtext><mfrac>
    <mi>f</mi>
    <mrow>
     <mi>T</mi><mo>&#x2212;</mo><mi>f</mi>
    </mrow>
   </mfrac>
   <mo>=</mo><msup>
    <mi>e</mi>
    <mrow>
     <mi>a</mi><mi mathvariant='normal'>X</mi><mo>+</mo><mi>b</mi><mo stretchy='false' mathsize='12pt' lspace='0.1em'>&#x007C;</mo><msup>
      <mi>&#x211D;</mi>
      <mrow>
       <mo>&#x2265;</mo><mn>0</mn>
      </mrow>
     </msup>
     
    </mrow>
   </msup>
   
  </mrow>
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</semantics>
</mstyle>
</math>&#160; <span class="inf" style="white-space:normal" onmouseover="if(active1==0){position('tip1','tab1',event.clientX,event.clientY); document.getElementById('tip1').className='tooltip_v'};active1=1">
wobei<img class="inf" style="margin-left:3px; margin-right:3px" src="../info.gif" width="10" height="10"/></span>
<span id="tip1" class="tooltip_h">
<table id="tab1" border="0" style="width:135px" ><tr><td onmousedown="x0=event.clientX;y0=event.clientY;fix('tip1')" onmouseup="drag=0" style="border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-color:blue; font-family:monospace"><p style="cursor: move; color:blue; margin-top:-5px; margin-bottom:0px; size:12pt; font-weight:bold">&#160;i</p><img onclick="active1=0;document.getElementById('tip1').className='tooltip_h'" src="../close.gif" width="10" height="10" style="float: right; margin-top:-15px"/></td></tr>
<tr><td>
<p style="white-space:normal">nach Einsetzen von 0</p>
</td></tr></table>
</span> &#160;
<math xmlns='http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML' display='inline'>
<mstyle displaystyle='true'>
 <semantics>
  <mrow>
   <mi>b</mi><mo>=</mo><mi>ln</mi><mo>&#x2061;</mo><mfrac>
    <mrow>
     <mi>f</mi><mo stretchy='false'>(</mo><mn>0</mn><mo stretchy='false'>)</mo>
    </mrow>
    <mrow>
     <mi>T</mi><mo>&#x2212;</mo><mi>f</mi><mo stretchy='false'>(</mo><mn>0</mn><mo stretchy='false'>)</mo>
    </mrow>
   </mfrac>
   
  </mrow>
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</math>.
</div>

<p>Also gilt f&#x00FC;r alle <math xmlns='http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML' display='inline'>
 <semantics>
  <mrow>
   <mi>t</mi><mo>&#x2265;</mo><mn>0</mn>
  </mrow>
 <annotation encoding='MathType-MTEF'>
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</semantics></math>:</p>
<div>
<math xmlns='http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML' display='inline'>
<mstyle displaystyle='true'>
 <semantics>
  <mrow>
   <mtable columnalign='left' columnspacing='0'>
    <mtr columnalign='left'>
     <mtd columnalign='left'>
      <mrow></mrow>
     </mtd>
     <mtd columnalign='right'>
      <mrow>
       <mi>f</mi><mo stretchy='false'>(</mo><mi>t</mi><mo stretchy='false'>)</mo><mo stretchy='false'>(</mo><mn>1</mn><mo>+</mo><msup>
        <mi>e</mi>
        <mrow>
         <mi>a</mi><mi>t</mi><mo>+</mo><mi>b</mi>
        </mrow>
       </msup>
       <mo stretchy='false' rspace='0.3em'>)</mo>
      </mrow>
     </mtd>
     <mtd columnalign='left'>
      <mrow>
       <mo>=</mo><mi>T</mi><mtext>&#x2009;</mtext><msup>
        <mi>e</mi>
        <mrow>
         <mi>a</mi><mi>t</mi><mo>+</mo><mi>b</mi>
        </mrow>
       </msup>
       
      </mrow>
     </mtd>
    </mtr>
    <mtr columnalign='left'>
     <mtd columnalign='left'>
      <mo rspace='0.8em'>&#x21D4;</mo>
     </mtd>
     <mtd columnalign='right'>
      <mrow>
       <mi>f</mi><mo stretchy='false'>(</mo><mi>t</mi><mo stretchy='false' rspace='0.3em'>)</mo>
      </mrow>
     </mtd>
     <mtd columnalign='left'>
      <mrow>
       <mo>=</mo><mfrac>
        <mrow>
         <mi>T</mi><mtext>&#x2009;</mtext><msup>
          <mi>e</mi>
          <mrow>
           <mi>a</mi><mi>t</mi><mo>+</mo><mi>b</mi>
          </mrow>
         </msup>
         
        </mrow>
        <mrow>
         <mn>1</mn><mo>+</mo><msup>
          <mi>e</mi>
          <mrow>
           <mi>a</mi><mi>t</mi><mo>+</mo><mi>b</mi>
          </mrow>
         </msup>
         
        </mrow>
       </mfrac>
       
      </mrow>
     </mtd>
    </mtr>
    <mtr columnalign='left'>
     <mtd columnalign='left'>
      <mrow></mrow>
     </mtd>
     <mtd columnalign='left'>
      <mrow></mrow>
     </mtd>
     <mtd columnalign='left'>
      <mrow>
       <mo>=</mo><mfrac>
        <mi>T</mi>
        <mrow>
         <mn>1</mn><mo>+</mo><msup>
          <mi>e</mi>
          <mrow>
           <mo>&#x2212;</mo><mi>b</mi>
          </mrow>
         </msup>
         <mtext>&#x2009;</mtext><msup>
          <mi>e</mi>
          <mrow>
           <mo>&#x2212;</mo><mi>a</mi><mi>t</mi>
          </mrow>
         </msup>
         
        </mrow>
       </mfrac>
       
      </mrow>
     </mtd>
    </mtr>
    <mtr columnalign='left'>
     <mtd columnalign='left'>
      <mrow></mrow>
     </mtd>
     <mtd columnalign='left'>
      <mrow></mrow>
     </mtd>
     <mtd columnalign='left'>
      <mrow>
       <mo>=</mo><mfrac>
        <mi>T</mi>
        <mrow>
         <mn>1</mn><mo>+</mo><mi>c</mi><mtext>&#x2009;</mtext><msup>
          <mi>e</mi>
          <mrow>
           <mo>&#x2212;</mo><mi>a</mi><mi>t</mi>
          </mrow>
         </msup>
         
        </mrow>
       </mfrac>
       
      </mrow><mtext>&#160;.</mtext>
     </mtd>
    </mtr>
    
   </mtable>
  </mrow>
 <annotation encoding='MathType-MTEF'>
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</semantics>
</mstyle>
</math><br/>&#160;
</div>

<p>Als Beispiel modifizieren wir unsere Algen-Aufgabe aus Teil 1:</p>
<table class="main"><tr><td class="main">

<p><u><b>Beispiel:</b></u> &#160;Der Algenteppich aus dem <a style="text-decoration:none" href="#b1">ersten Beispiel</a> (Wachstumskonstante <math xmlns='http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML' display='inline'>
 <semantics>
  <mrow>
   <mi>a</mi><mo>=</mo><mn>0,1</mn>
  </mrow>
 <annotation encoding='MathType-MTEF'>
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</semantics></math> (pro Woche) und Anfangsbestand <math xmlns='http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML' display='inline'>
 <semantics>
  <mrow>
   <mi>f</mi><mo stretchy='false'>(</mo><mn>0</mn><mo stretchy='false'>)</mo><mo>=</mo><mn>2</mn>
  </mrow>
 <annotation encoding='MathType-MTEF'>
 MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrVepeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=qqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamOzaiaacIcacaaIWaGaaiykaiabg2da9iaaikdaaaa@3A29@</annotation>
</semantics></math>) entwickelt sich in einem <math xmlns='http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML' display='inline'>
 <semantics>
  <mrow>
   <mn>30</mn><msup>
    <mi>m</mi>
    <mn>2</mn>
   </msup>
   
  </mrow>
 <annotation encoding='MathType-MTEF'>
 MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrVepeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=qqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaaG4maiaaicdacaWGTbWaaWbaaSqabeaacaaIYaaaaaaa@38BB@</annotation>
</semantics></math> gro&#x00DF;en Abwasserbecken mit konstanter N&#x00E4;hrstoffzufuhr. Dadurch &#x00E4;ndert sich die Wachstumskonstante nicht, so dass einzig die Tragf&#x00E4;higkeit <math xmlns='http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML' display='inline'>
 <semantics>
  <mrow>
   <mi>T</mi><mo>=</mo><mn>30</mn>
  </mrow>
 <annotation encoding='MathType-MTEF'>
 MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrVepeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=qqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamivaiabg2da9iaaiodacaaIWaaaaa@38BF@</annotation>
</semantics></math> ein einschr&#x00E4;nkender Faktor ist.</p>

<p class="beweis"><i>L&#x00F6;sung</i>: &#160;Mit <math xmlns='http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML' display='inline'>
<mstyle displaystyle='true'>
 <semantics>
  <mrow>
   <mi>c</mi><mo>=</mo><mfrac>
    <mrow>
     <mn>30</mn><mo>&#x2212;</mo><mn>2</mn>
    </mrow>
    <mn>2</mn>
   </mfrac>
   <mo>=</mo><mn>14</mn>
  </mrow>
 <annotation encoding='MathType-MTEF'>
 MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrVepeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=qqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaam4yaiabg2da9maalaaabaGaaG4maiaaicdacqGHsislcaaIYaaabaGaaGOmaaaacqGH9aqpcaaIXaGaaGinaaaa@3DC2@</annotation>
</semantics>
</mstyle>
</math> wird also das logistische Wachstum beschrieben durch</p>
<div>
<math xmlns='http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML' display='inline'>
<mstyle displaystyle='true'>
 <semantics>
  <mrow>
   <mi>f</mi><mo stretchy='false'>(</mo><mi>t</mi><mo stretchy='false'>)</mo><mo>=</mo><mfrac>
    <mrow>
     <mn>30</mn>
    </mrow>
    <mrow>
     <mn>1</mn><mo>+</mo><mn>14</mn><mo>&#x22C5;</mo><msup>
      <mi>e</mi>
      <mrow>
       <mo>&#x2212;</mo><mn>0,1</mn><mi>t</mi>
      </mrow>
     </msup>
     
    </mrow>
   </mfrac>
   
  </mrow>
 <annotation encoding='MathType-MTEF'>
 MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrVepeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=qqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamOzaiaacIcacaWG0bGaaiykaiabg2da9maalaaabaGaaG4maiaaicdaaeaacaaIXaGaey4kaSIaaGymaiaaisdacqGHflY1caWGLbWaaWbaaSqabeaacqGHsislcaaIWaGaaiilaiaaigdacaWG0baaaaaaaaa@45B5@</annotation>
</semantics>
</mstyle>
</math>
</div>
<p>Man beachte, dass der Wert <math xmlns='http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML' display='inline'>
 <semantics>
  <mrow>
   <mi>f</mi><mo stretchy='false'>(</mo><mn>8</mn><mo stretchy='false'>)</mo><mo>&#x2248;</mo><mn>4,12</mn>
  </mrow>
 <annotation encoding='MathType-MTEF'>
 MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrVepeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=qqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamOzaiaacIcacaaI4aGaaiykaiabgIKi7kaaisdacaGGSaGaaGymaiaaikdaaaa@3D05@</annotation>
</semantics></math> zwar noch relativ nah bei 4,45 liegt, sich aber bereits eine Verlangsamung des exponentiellen Verlaufs einstellt. Man vergleiche dazu auch die beiden Grafiken am <a style="text-decoration:none" href="#top">Anfang</a> der Seite!</p>
</td></tr></table>

<p>Logistische Wachstumsfunktionen vermitteln zwischen beschr&#x00E4;nktem und exponentiellem Wachstum, denn die L&#x00F6;sung der Verhulstgleichung&#160; <math xmlns='http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML' display='inline'>
 <mstyle displaystyle='true'><semantics>
  <mrow>
   <msup>
    <mi>f</mi>
    <mo>&#x2032;</mo>
   </msup>
   <mo>=</mo><mi>a</mi><mo stretchy='false'>(</mo><mn>1</mn><mo>&#x2212;</mo><mfrac>
    <mi>f</mi>
    <mi>T</mi>
   </mfrac>
   <mo stretchy='false'>)</mo><mtext>&#x2009;</mtext><mi>f</mi>
  </mrow>
 <annotation encoding='MathType-MTEF'>
 MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrVepeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=qqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGabmOzayaafaGaeyypa0JaamyyaiaacIcacaaIXaGaeyOeI0YaaSaaaeaacaWGMbaabaGaamivaaaacaGGPaGaaGPaVlaadAgaaaa@3F97@</annotation>
</semantics></mstyle>
</math>&#160; verh&#x00E4;lt sich f&#x00FC;r Bestandswerte
<ul>
<li>
nahe der Tragf&#x00E4;higkeit, also&#160; <math xmlns='http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML' display='inline'>
 <mstyle displaystyle='true'><semantics>
  <mrow>
   <mi>f</mi><mo stretchy='false'>(</mo><mi>t</mi><mo stretchy='false'>)</mo><mo>&#x2248;</mo><mi>T</mi>
  </mrow>
 <annotation encoding='MathType-MTEF'>
 MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamOzaiaacIcacaWG0bGaaiykaiabgIKi7kaadsfaaaa@3BB3@</annotation>
</semantics></mstyle>
</math>, &#x00E4;hnlich wie die L&#x00F6;sung von&#160; <math xmlns='http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML' display='inline'>
 <mstyle displaystyle='true'><semantics>
  <mrow>
   <msup>
    <mi>f</mi>
    <mo>&#x2032;</mo>
   </msup>
   <mo>=</mo><mi>a</mi><mo stretchy='false'>(</mo><mn>1</mn><mo>&#x2212;</mo><mfrac>
    <mi>f</mi>
    <mi>T</mi>
   </mfrac>
   <mo stretchy='false'>)</mo><mi>T</mi><mo>=</mo><mi>a</mi><mi>T</mi><mo>&#x2212;</mo><mi>a</mi><mi>f</mi>
  </mrow>
 <annotation encoding='MathType-MTEF'>
 MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGabmOzayaafaGaeyypa0JaamyyaiaacIcacaaIXaGaeyOeI0YaaSaaaeaacaWGMbaabaGaamivaaaacaGGPaGaamivaiabg2da9iaadggacaWGubGaeyOeI0IaamyyaiaadAgaaaa@4400@</annotation>
</semantics></mstyle>
</math>.
</li>
<li>
weit entfernt von der Tragf&#x00E4;higkeit, d.h. <math xmlns='http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML' display='inline'>
 <mstyle displaystyle='true'><semantics>
  <mrow>
   <mfrac>
    <mrow>
     <mi>f</mi><mo stretchy='false'>(</mo><mi>t</mi><mo stretchy='false'>)</mo>
    </mrow>
    <mi>T</mi>
   </mfrac>
   <mo>&#x2248;</mo><mn>0</mn>
  </mrow>
 <annotation encoding='MathType-MTEF'>
 MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaWaaSaaaeaacaWGMbGaaiikaiaadshacaGGPaaabaGaamivaaaacqGHijYUcaaIWaaaaa@3C7D@</annotation>
</semantics></mstyle>
</math>, &#x00E4;hnlich wie die L&#x00F6;sung von&#160; <math xmlns='http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML' display='inline'>
 <mstyle displaystyle='true'><semantics>
  <mrow>
   <msup>
    <mi>f</mi>
    <mo>&#x2032;</mo>
   </msup>
   <mo>=</mo><mi>a</mi><mo stretchy='false'>(</mo><mn>1</mn><mo>&#x2212;</mo><mn>0</mn><mo stretchy='false' rspace='0.2em'>)</mo><mi>f</mi><mo>=</mo><mi>a</mi><mi>f</mi>
  </mrow>
 <annotation encoding='MathType-MTEF'>
 MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGabmOzayaafaGaeyypa0JaamyyaiaacIcacaaIXaGaeyOeI0IaaGimaiaacMcacaWGMbGaeyypa0JaamyyaiaadAgaaaa@404C@</annotation>
</semantics></mstyle>
</math>.
</li>
</ul>&#160;
</p>
<p>Wir besch&#x00E4;ftigen uns nun etwas intensiver mit logistischen Wachstumsfunktionen und stellen einige ihrer Eigenschaften zusammen.</p>

<table class="main"><tr><td class="main">

<p><u><b>Bemerkung:</b></u> &#160;F&#x00FC;r eine logistische Wachstumsfunktion, d.h.&#160; <math xmlns='http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML' display='inline'>
 <mstyle displaystyle='true'><semantics>
  <mrow>
   <mi>f</mi><mo stretchy='false'>(</mo><mi>t</mi><mo stretchy='false'>)</mo><mo>=</mo><mfrac>
    <mi>T</mi>
    <mrow>
     <mn>1</mn><mo>+</mo><mi>c</mi><mtext>&#x2009;</mtext><msup>
      <mi>e</mi>
      <mrow>
       <mo>&#x2212;</mo><mi>a</mi><mi>t</mi>
      </mrow>
     </msup>
     
    </mrow>
   </mfrac>
   
  </mrow>
 <annotation encoding='MathType-MTEF'>
 MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrVepeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=qqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamOzaiaacIcacaWG0bGaaiykaiabg2da9maalaaabaGaamivaaqaaiaaigdacqGHRaWkcaWGJbGaaGPaVlaadwgadaahaaWcbeqaaiabgkHiTiaadggacaWG0baaaaaaaaa@4288@</annotation>
</semantics></mstyle>
</math>, gilt:</p>

<table><tr><td class="def">
<ol start="1" style="margin-bottom:2">
<li>
<p><i>f</i> ist streng monoton steigend.</p>
</li>
</ol>
</td><td class="num" width="80px">
<span class="num"><a name="18">[8.0.18]</a></span></td></tr>
<tr><td class="def">
<ol start="2" style="margin-bottom:2">
<li>
<p>Ist <math xmlns='http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML' display='inline'>
 <mstyle displaystyle='true'><semantics>
  <mrow>
   <mi>T</mi><mo>&#x003E;</mo><mn>2</mn><mspace width="0.2em"/><mi>f</mi><mo stretchy='false'>(</mo><mn>0</mn><mo stretchy='false'>)</mo>
  </mrow>
 <annotation encoding='MathType-MTEF'>
 MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamivaiabg6da+iaaikdacaWGMbGaaiikaiaaicdacaGGPaaaaa@3B87@</annotation>
</semantics></mstyle>
</math>, so ist&#160; <math xmlns='http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML' display='inline'>
 <mstyle displaystyle='true'><semantics>
  <mrow>
   <mfrac>
    <mrow>
     <mi>ln</mi><mo>&#x2061;</mo><mi>c</mi>
    </mrow>
    <mi>a</mi>
   </mfrac>
   <mo>&#x003E;</mo><mn>0</mn>
  </mrow>
 <annotation encoding='MathType-MTEF'>
 MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaWaaSaaaeaaciGGSbGaaiOBaiaadogaaeaacaWGHbaaaiabg6da+iaaicdaaaa@3B70@</annotation>
</semantics></mstyle>
</math>.</p>
</li>
</ol>
</td><td class="num" width="80px" valign="baseline">
<span class="num"><a name="19">[8.0.19]</a></span>
</td></tr>
</table>
<table><tr><td>
<p style="margin-left:30pt">Zu diesem Zeitpunkt erreicht der Bestand die H&#x00E4;lfte seiner Tragf&#x00E4;higkeit mit maximaler Wachstumsgeschwindigkeit.</p>
</td></tr></table>

<p class="beweis"><i>Beweis</i>:</p>
<p>1. <font size="2">&#9658;</font> &#160;Mit&#160;<math xmlns='http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML' display='inline'>
 <mstyle displaystyle='true'><semantics>
  <mrow>
   <mn>0</mn><mo>&#x003C;</mo><mi>f</mi><mo stretchy='false'>(</mo><mi>t</mi><mo stretchy='false'>)</mo><mo>&#x003C;</mo><mi>T</mi>
  </mrow>
 <annotation encoding='MathType-MTEF'>
 MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaaGimaiabgYda8iaadAgacaGGOaGaamiDaiaacMcacqGH8aapcaWGubaaaa@3CC4@</annotation>
</semantics></mstyle>
</math> hat man <math xmlns='http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML' display='inline'>
 <mstyle displaystyle='true'><semantics>
  <mn>1</mn><mo>&#x2212;</mo><mfrac>
   <mrow>
    <mi>f</mi><mo stretchy='false'>(</mo><mi>t</mi><mo stretchy='false'>)</mo>
   </mrow>
   <mi>T</mi>
  </mfrac>
  <mo>&#x003E;</mo><mn>0</mn>
 <annotation encoding='MathType-MTEF'>
 MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaaGymaiabgkHiTmaalaaabaGaamOzaiaacIcacaWG0bGaaiykaaqaaiaadsfaaaGaeyOpa4JaaGimaaaa@3D7C@</annotation>
</semantics></mstyle>
</math> und da <i>a</i> und&#160; <math xmlns='http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML' display='inline'>
 <mstyle displaystyle='true'><semantics>
  <mrow>
   <mi>f</mi><mo stretchy='false'>(</mo><mi>t</mi><mo stretchy='false'>)</mo>
  </mrow>
 <annotation encoding='MathType-MTEF'>
 MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamOzaiaacIcacaWG0bGaaiykaaaa@3929@</annotation>
</semantics></mstyle>
</math>
 ohnehin positiv sind, gilt f&#x00FC;r alle <math xmlns='http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML' display='inline'>
 <mstyle displaystyle='true'><semantics>
  <mrow>
   <mi>t</mi><mo>&#x2265;</mo><mn>0</mn>
  </mrow>
 <annotation encoding='MathType-MTEF'>
 MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamiDaiabgwMiZkaaicdaaaa@3965@</annotation>
</semantics></mstyle>
</math>:</p>
<div>
<math xmlns='http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML' display='inline'>
 <mstyle displaystyle='true'><semantics>
  <mrow>
   <msup>
    <mi>f</mi>
    <mo>&#x2032;</mo>
   </msup>
   <mo stretchy='false'>(</mo><mi>t</mi><mo stretchy='false'>)</mo><mo>=</mo><mi>a</mi><mo stretchy='false'>(</mo><mn>1</mn><mo>&#x2212;</mo><mfrac>
    <mrow>
     <mi>f</mi><mo stretchy='false'>(</mo><mi>t</mi><mo stretchy='false'>)</mo>
    </mrow>
    <mi>T</mi>
   </mfrac>
   <mo stretchy='false' rspace='0.2em'>)</mo><mi>f</mi><mo stretchy='false'>(</mo><mi>t</mi><mo stretchy='false'>)</mo><mtext>&#x2009;&#x200A;&#x200A;</mtext><mo>&#x003E;</mo><mn>0</mn>
  </mrow>
 <annotation encoding='MathType-MTEF'>
 MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGabmOzayaafaGaaiikaiaadshacaGGPaGaeyypa0JaamyyaiaacIcacaaIXaGaeyOeI0YaaSaaaeaacaWGMbGaaiikaiaadshacaGGPaaabaGaamivaaaacaGGPaGaamOzaiaacIcacaWG0bGaaiykaiaaysW7cqGH+aGpcaaIWaaaaa@48D4@</annotation>
</semantics></mstyle>
</math>,
</div>
<p>so dass der Monotoniesatz <a class="ref" href="../Differentialrechnung/7_10.xml#5" target="_blank">[7.10.5]</a> die Behauptung liefert.</p>
<p>2. <font size="2">&#9658;</font> &#160;Die erste Behauptung ergibt sich aus der Absch&#x00E4;tzung</p>
<p>
<div>
<math xmlns='http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML' display='inline'>
 <mstyle displaystyle='true'><semantics>
  <mrow>
   <mi>T</mi><mo>&#x003E;</mo><mn>2</mn><mspace width="0.2em"/><mi>f</mi><mo stretchy='false'>(</mo><mn>0</mn><mo stretchy='false'>)</mo><mtext>&#x2003;</mtext><mo>&#x21D2;</mo><mtext>&#x2003;</mtext><mi>c</mi><mo>=</mo><mfrac>
    <mrow>
     <mi>T</mi><mo>&#x2212;</mo><mi>f</mi><mo stretchy='false'>(</mo><mn>0</mn><mo stretchy='false'>)</mo>
    </mrow>
    <mrow>
     <mi>f</mi><mo stretchy='false'>(</mo><mn>0</mn><mo stretchy='false'>)</mo>
    </mrow>
   </mfrac>
   <mo>&#x003E;</mo><mfrac>
    <mrow>
     <mn>2</mn><mspace width="0.2em"/><mi>f</mi><mo stretchy='false'>(</mo><mn>0</mn><mo stretchy='false'>)</mo><mo>&#x2212;</mo><mi>f</mi><mo stretchy='false'>(</mo><mn>0</mn><mo stretchy='false'>)</mo>
    </mrow>
    <mrow>
     <mi>f</mi><mo stretchy='false'>(</mo><mn>0</mn><mo stretchy='false'>)</mo>
    </mrow>
   </mfrac>
   <mo>=</mo><mn>1</mn><mtext>&#x2003;</mtext><mo>&#x21D2;</mo><mtext>&#x2003;</mtext><mi>ln</mi><mo>&#x2061;</mo><mi>c</mi><mo>&#x003E;</mo><mn>0</mn>
  </mrow>
 <annotation encoding='MathType-MTEF'>
 MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamivaiabg6da+iaaikdacaWGMbGaaiikaiaaicdacaGGPaGaaGzbVlabgkDiElaaywW7caWGJbGaeyypa0ZaaSaaaeaacaWGubGaeyOeI0IaamOzaiaacIcacaaIWaGaaiykaaqaaiaadAgacaGGOaGaaGimaiaacMcaaaGaeyOpa4ZaaSaaaeaacaaIYaGaamOzaiaacIcacaaIWaGaaiykaiabgkHiTiaadAgacaGGOaGaaGimaiaacMcaaeaacaWGMbGaaiikaiaaicdacaGGPaaaaiabg2da9iaaigdacaaMf8UaeyO0H4TaaGzbVlGacYgacaGGUbGaam4yaiabg6da+iaaicdaaaa@6243@</annotation>
</semantics></mstyle>
</math>.
</div>
</p>
<p>Da&#160; <i>f</i> beliebig oft differenzierbar ist, stehen uns zur Betrachtung der Maximalstellen von&#160; <math xmlns='http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML' display='inline'>
 <mstyle displaystyle='true'><semantics>
  <msup>
   <mi>f</mi>
   <mo>&#x2032;</mo>
  </msup>
  
 <annotation encoding='MathType-MTEF'>
 MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGabmOzayaafaaaaa@36E3@</annotation>
</semantics></mstyle>
</math> das notwendige (<a class="ref" href="../Differentialrechnung/7_9.xml#2" target="_blank">[7.9.2]</a>) und das hinreichende (<a class="ref" href="../Differentialrechnung/7_9.xml#17" target="_blank">[7.9.17]</a>) Kriterium zur Verf&#x00FC;gung. Wir berechnen daher</p>
<div>
<math xmlns='http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML' display='inline'>
 <mstyle displaystyle='true'><semantics>
  <mrow>
   <msup>
    <mi>f</mi>
    <mo>&#x2033;</mo>
   </msup>
   <mo>=</mo><mo stretchy='false'>(</mo><mi>a</mi><mi>f</mi><mo>&#x2212;</mo><mi>a</mi><mfrac>
    <mrow>
     <msup>
      <mi>f</mi>
      <mn>2</mn>
     </msup>
     
    </mrow>
    <mi>T</mi>
   </mfrac>
   <msup>
    <mo stretchy='false'>)</mo>
    <mo>&#x2032;</mo>
   </msup>
   <mo>=</mo><mi>a</mi><msup>
    <mi>f</mi>
    <mo>&#x2032;</mo>
   </msup>
   <mo>&#x2212;</mo><mi>a</mi><mfrac>
    <mrow>
     <mn>2</mn><mi>f</mi><msup>
      <mi>f</mi>
      <mo>&#x2032;</mo>
     </msup>
     
    </mrow>
    <mi>T</mi>
   </mfrac>
   <mo>=</mo><mi>a</mi><msup>
    <mi>f</mi>
    <mo>&#x2032;</mo>
   </msup>
   <mo>&#x22C5;</mo><mo stretchy='false'>(</mo><mn>1</mn><mo>&#x2212;</mo><mn>2</mn><mfrac>
    <mi>f</mi>
    <mi>T</mi>
   </mfrac>
   <mo stretchy='false'>)</mo>
  </mrow>
 <annotation encoding='MathType-MTEF'>
 MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGabmOzayaagaGaeyypa0JaaiikaiaadggacaWGMbGaeyOeI0IaamyyamaalaaabaGaamOzamaaCaaaleqabaGaaGOmaaaaaOqaaiaadsfaaaGabiykayaafaGaeyypa0JaamyyaiqadAgagaqbaiabgkHiTiaadggadaWcaaqaaiaaikdacaWGMbGabmOzayaafaaabaGaamivaaaacqGH9aqpcaWGHbGabmOzayaafaGaeyyXICTaaiikaiaaigdacqGHsislcaaIYaWaaSaaaeaacaWGMbaabaGaamivaaaacaGGPaaaaa@52B5@</annotation>
</semantics></mstyle>
</math>.
</div>
<p>Nach dem Beweis zu 1. ist <math xmlns='http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML' display='inline'>
 <mstyle displaystyle='true'><semantics>
  <mrow>
   <mi>a</mi><msup>
    <mi>f</mi>
    <mo>&#x2032;</mo>
   </msup>
   <mo stretchy='false'>(</mo><mi>t</mi><mo stretchy='false'>)</mo>
  </mrow>
 <annotation encoding='MathType-MTEF'>
 MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamyyaiqadAgagaqbaiaacIcacaWG0bGaaiykaaaa@3A1B@</annotation>
</semantics></mstyle>
</math> stets von 0 verschieden, also hat man:</p>
<div>
<math xmlns='http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML' display='inline'>
 <mstyle displaystyle='true'><semantics>
  <mrow>
   <msup>
    <mi>f</mi>
    <mo>&#x2033;</mo>
   </msup>
   <mo stretchy='false'>(</mo><mi>t</mi><mo stretchy='false'>)</mo><mo>=</mo><mn>0</mn><mtext>&#x2003;</mtext><mo>&#x21D4;</mo><mtext>&#x2003;</mtext><mn>1</mn><mo>&#x2212;</mo><mn>2</mn><mfrac>
    <mrow>
     <mi>f</mi><mo stretchy='false'>(</mo><mi>t</mi><mo stretchy='false'>)</mo>
    </mrow>
    <mi>T</mi>
   </mfrac>
   <mo>=</mo><mn>0</mn><mtext>&#x2003;</mtext><mo>&#x21D4;</mo><mtext>&#x2003;</mtext><mi>f</mi><mo stretchy='false'>(</mo><mi>t</mi><mo stretchy='false'>)</mo><mo>=</mo><mfrac>
    <mi>T</mi>
    <mn>2</mn>
   </mfrac>
   
  </mrow>
 <annotation encoding='MathType-MTEF'>
 MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGabmOzayaagaGaaiikaiaadshacaGGPaGaeyypa0JaaGimaiaaywW7cqGHuhY2caaMf8UaaGymaiabgkHiTiaaikdadaWcaaqaaiaadAgacaGGOaGaamiDaiaacMcaaeaacaWGubaaaiabg2da9iaaicdacaaMf8Uaeyi1HSTaaGzbVlaadAgacaGGOaGaamiDaiaacMcacqGH9aqpdaWcaaqaaiaadsfaaeaacaaIYaaaaaaa@5418@</annotation>
</semantics></mstyle>
</math>.
</div>
<p>F&#x00FC;r ein solches <i>t</i> ist dann&#160; &#160;
<math xmlns='http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML' display='inline'>
 <mstyle displaystyle='true'><semantics>
  <mrow>
   <msup>
    <msup>
     <msup>
      <mi>f</mi>
      <mo>&#x2032;</mo>
     </msup>
     
     <mo>&#x2032;</mo>
    </msup>
    
    <mo>&#x2032;</mo>
   </msup>
   <mo stretchy='false'>(</mo><mi>t</mi><mo stretchy='false'>)</mo><mo>=</mo><mi>a</mi><msup>
    <mi>f</mi>
    <mo>&#x2033;</mo>
   </msup>
   <mo>&#x22C5;</mo><mo stretchy='false'>(</mo><mn>1</mn><mo>&#x2212;</mo><mn>2</mn><mfrac>
    <mi>f</mi>
    <mi>T</mi>
   </mfrac>
   <mo stretchy='false'>)</mo><mo>+</mo><mi>a</mi><msup>
    <mi>f</mi>
    <mo>&#x2032;</mo>
   </msup>
   <mo>&#x22C5;</mo><mo stretchy='false'>(</mo><mo>&#x2212;</mo><mn>2</mn><mfrac>
    <msup>
     <mi>f</mi>
     <mo>&#x2032;</mo>
    </msup>
    
    <mi>T</mi>
   </mfrac>
   <mo stretchy='false'>)</mo><mo stretchy='false' lspace='0.3em'>(</mo><mi>t</mi><mo stretchy='false'>)</mo><mo>=</mo><mo>&#x2212;</mo><mn>2</mn><mi>a</mi><mfrac>
    <mrow>
     <msup>
      <mrow>
       <mo stretchy='false' rspace='0.3em'>(</mo><msup>
        <mi>f</mi>
        <mo>&#x2032;</mo>
       </msup>
       <mo stretchy='false'>(</mo><mi>t</mi><mo stretchy='false'>)</mo><mo stretchy='false'>)</mo>
      </mrow>
      <mn>2</mn>
     </msup>
     
    </mrow>
    <mi>T</mi>
   </mfrac>
   <mo>&#x003C;</mo><mn>0</mn>
  </mrow>
 <annotation encoding='MathType-MTEF'>
 MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGabmOzayaafyaafyaafaGaaiikaiaadshacaGGPaGaeyypa0JaamyyaiqadAgagaGbaiabgwSixlaacIcacaaIXaGaeyOeI0IaaGOmamaalaaabaGaamOzaaqaaiaadsfaaaGaaiykaiabgUcaRiaadggaceWGMbGbauaacqGHflY1caGGOaGaeyOeI0IaaGOmamaalaaabaGabmOzayaafaaabaGaamivaaaacaGGPaGaaiikaiaadshacaGGPaGaeyypa0JaeyOeI0IaaGOmaiaadggadaWcaaqaaiaacIcaceWGMbGbauaacaGGOaGaamiDaiaacMcacaGGPaWaaWbaaSqabeaacaaIYaaaaaGcbaGaamivaaaacqGH8aapcaaIWaaaaa@5C18@</annotation>
</semantics></mstyle>
</math>.
</p>
<p>Schlie&#x00DF;lich haben wir:&#160; <math xmlns='http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML' display='inline'>
 <mstyle displaystyle='true'><semantics>
  <mrow>
   <mi>f</mi><mo stretchy='false'>(</mo><mi>t</mi><mo stretchy='false'>)</mo><mo>=</mo><mfrac>
    <mi>T</mi>
    <mn>2</mn>
   </mfrac>
   <mtext>&#x2003;</mtext><mo>&#x21D4;</mo><mtext>&#x2003;</mtext><mfrac>
    <mi>T</mi>
    <mrow>
     <mn>1</mn><mo>+</mo><mi>c</mi><msup>
      <mi>e</mi>
      <mrow>
       <mo>&#x2212;</mo><mi>a</mi><mi>t</mi>
      </mrow>
     </msup>
     
    </mrow>
   </mfrac>
   <mo>=</mo><mfrac>
    <mi>T</mi>
    <mn>2</mn>
   </mfrac>
   <mtext>&#x2003;</mtext><mo>&#x21D4;</mo><mtext>&#x2003;</mtext><mn>1</mn><mo>+</mo><mi>c</mi><msup>
    <mi>e</mi>
    <mrow>
     <mo>&#x2212;</mo><mi>a</mi><mi>t</mi>
    </mrow>
   </msup>
   <mo>=</mo><mn>2</mn><mtext>&#x2003;</mtext><mo>&#x21D4;</mo><mtext>&#x2003;</mtext><mi>t</mi><mo>=</mo><mfrac>
    <mrow>
     <mi>ln</mi><mo>&#x2061;</mo><mi>c</mi>
    </mrow>
    <mi>a</mi>
   </mfrac>
   
  </mrow>
 <annotation encoding='MathType-MTEF'>
 MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamOzaiaacIcacaWG0bGaaiykaiabg2da9maalaaabaGaamivaaqaaiaaikdaaaGaaGzbVlabgsDiBlaaywW7daWcaaqaaiaadsfaaeaacaaIXaGaey4kaSIaam4yaiaadwgadaahaaWcbeqaaiabgkHiTiaadggacaWG0baaaaaakiabg2da9maalaaabaGaamivaaqaaiaaikdaaaGaaGzbVlabgsDiBlaaywW7caaIXaGaey4kaSIaam4yaiaadwgadaahaaWcbeqaaiabgkHiTiaadggacaWG0baaaOGaeyypa0JaaGOmaiaaywW7cqGHuhY2caaMf8UaamiDaiabg2da9maalaaabaGaciiBaiaac6gacaWGJbaabaGaamyyaaaaaaa@6437@</annotation>
</semantics></mstyle>
</math>.</p>
</td></tr></table>

<p>Um zu pr&#x00FC;fen, ob beobachtete Daten zu einem logistischen Prozess geh&#x00F6;ren, ist es hilfreich, die Parameter einer logistischen Wachstumsfunktion einstellen zu k&#x00F6;nnen.</p>
<table class="main"><tr><td class="main">

<p><u><b>Bemerkung:</b></u> &#160;Ist&#160; <i>f</i> eine logistische Wachstumsfunktion, also&#160; <math xmlns='http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML' display='inline'>
 <mstyle displaystyle='true'><semantics>
  <mrow>
   <mi>f</mi><mo stretchy='false'>(</mo><mi>t</mi><mo stretchy='false'>)</mo><mo>=</mo><mfrac>
    <mi>T</mi>
    <mrow>
     <mn>1</mn><mo>+</mo><mi>c</mi><mtext>&#x2009;</mtext><msup>
      <mi>e</mi>
      <mrow>
       <mo>&#x2212;</mo><mi>a</mi><mi>t</mi>
      </mrow>
     </msup>
     
    </mrow>
   </mfrac>
   
  </mrow>
 <annotation encoding='MathType-MTEF'>
 MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrVepeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=qqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamOzaiaacIcacaWG0bGaaiykaiabg2da9maalaaabaGaamivaaqaaiaaigdacqGHRaWkcaWGJbGaaGPaVlaadwgadaahaaWcbeqaaiabgkHiTiaadggacaWG0baaaaaaaaa@4288@</annotation>
</semantics></mstyle>
</math>, so gilt f&#x00FC;r alle <math xmlns='http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML' display='inline'>
 <mstyle displaystyle='true'><semantics>
  <mrow>
   <mi>t</mi><mo>&#x003E;</mo><mn>0</mn>
  </mrow>
 <annotation encoding='MathType-MTEF'>
 MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamiDaiabg6da+iaaicdaaaa@38A7@</annotation>
</semantics></mstyle>
</math>:</p>

<table>
<tr><td class="def">
<ol>
<li>
<math xmlns='http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML' display='inline'>
 <mstyle displaystyle='true'><semantics>
  <mrow>
   <mi>T</mi><mo>=</mo><mi>f</mi><mo stretchy='false'>(</mo><mi>t</mi><mo stretchy='false'>)</mo><mtext>&#x2009;</mtext><mo stretchy='false'>(</mo><mn>1</mn><mo>+</mo><mi>c</mi><msup>
    <mi>e</mi>
    <mrow>
     <mo>&#x2212;</mo><mi>a</mi><mi>t</mi>
    </mrow>
   </msup>
   <mo stretchy='false'>)</mo>
  </mrow>
 <annotation encoding='MathType-MTEF'>
 MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamivaiabg2da9iaadAgacaGGOaGaamiDaiaacMcacaaMc8UaaiikaiaaigdacqGHRaWkcaWGJbGaamyzamaaCaaaleqabaGaeyOeI0IaamyyaiaadshaaaGccaGGPaaaaa@445E@</annotation>
</semantics></mstyle>
</math>
</li>
</ol>
</td><td class="num" width="80px">
<span class="num"><a name="20">[8.0.20]</a></span></td></tr>
<tr><td class="def">
<ol start="2">
<li>
<math xmlns='http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML' display='inline'>
 <mstyle displaystyle='true'><semantics>
  <mrow>
   <mi>c</mi><mo>=</mo><mfrac>
    <mrow>
     <mi>f</mi><mo stretchy='false'>(</mo><mn>0</mn><mo stretchy='false'>)</mo><mo>&#x2212;</mo><mi>f</mi><mo stretchy='false'>(</mo><mi>t</mi><mo stretchy='false'>)</mo>
    </mrow>
    <mrow>
     <mi>f</mi><mo stretchy='false'>(</mo><mi>t</mi><mo stretchy='false'>)</mo><mtext>&#x2009;</mtext><msup>
      <mi>e</mi>
      <mrow>
       <mo>&#x2212;</mo><mi>a</mi><mi>t</mi>
      </mrow>
     </msup>
     <mo>&#x2212;</mo><mi>f</mi><mo stretchy='false'>(</mo><mn>0</mn><mo stretchy='false'>)</mo>
    </mrow>
   </mfrac>
   
  </mrow>
 <annotation encoding='MathType-MTEF'>
 MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaam4yaiabg2da9maalaaabaGaamOzaiaacIcacaaIWaGaaiykaiabgkHiTiaadAgacaGGOaGaamiDaiaacMcaaeaacaWGMbGaaiikaiaadshacaGGPaGaaGPaVlaadwgadaahaaWcbeqaaiabgkHiTiaadggacaWG0baaaOGaeyOeI0IaamOzaiaacIcacaaIWaGaaiykaaaaaaa@4BB2@</annotation>
</semantics></mstyle>
</math>
</li>
</ol>
</td><td class="num" width="80px">
<span class="num"><a name="21">[8.0.21]</a></span></td></tr>
<tr><td class="def">
<ol start="3">
<li>
<math xmlns='http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML' display='inline'>
 <mstyle displaystyle='true'><semantics>
  <mrow>
   <mi>a</mi><mo>=</mo><mo>&#x2212;</mo><mfrac>
    <mn>1</mn>
    <mi>t</mi>
   </mfrac>
   <mtext>&#x2009;</mtext><mi>ln</mi><mo>&#x2061;</mo><mo stretchy='false'>(</mo><mfrac>
    <mrow>
     <mi>f</mi><mo stretchy='false'>(</mo><mi>t</mi><mo stretchy='false'>)</mo><mo>&#x2212;</mo><mi>f</mi><mo stretchy='false'>(</mo><mn>2</mn><mi>t</mi><mo stretchy='false'>)</mo>
    </mrow>
    <mrow>
     <mi>f</mi><mo stretchy='false'>(</mo><mn>0</mn><mo stretchy='false'>)</mo><mo>&#x2212;</mo><mi>f</mi><mo stretchy='false'>(</mo><mi>t</mi><mo stretchy='false'>)</mo>
    </mrow>
   </mfrac>
   <mo>&#x22C5;</mo><mfrac>
    <mrow>
     <mi>f</mi><mo stretchy='false'>(</mo><mn>0</mn><mo stretchy='false'>)</mo>
    </mrow>
    <mrow>
     <mi>f</mi><mo stretchy='false'>(</mo><mn>2</mn><mi>t</mi><mo stretchy='false'>)</mo>
    </mrow>
   </mfrac>
   <mo stretchy='false'>)</mo>
  </mrow>
 <annotation encoding='MathType-MTEF'>
 MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamyyaiabg2da9iabgkHiTmaalaaabaGaaGymaaqaaiaadshaaaGaaGPaVlGacYgacaGGUbGaaiikamaalaaabaGaamOzaiaacIcacaWG0bGaaiykaiabgkHiTiaadAgacaGGOaGaaGOmaiaadshacaGGPaaabaGaamOzaiaacIcacaaIWaGaaiykaiabgkHiTiaadAgacaGGOaGaamiDaiaacMcaaaGaeyyXIC9aaSaaaeaacaWGMbGaaiikaiaaicdacaGGPaaabaGaamOzaiaacIcacaaIYaGaamiDaiaacMcaaaGaaiykaaaa@57FD@</annotation>
</semantics></mstyle>
</math>
</li>
</ol>
</td><td class="num" width="80px">
<span class="num"><a name="22">[8.0.22]</a></span></td></tr>
</table>

<p class="beweis"><i>Beweis</i>: &#160;1. ist offensichtlich.</p>
<p>2. <font size="2">&#9658;</font> &#160;Mit&#160; <math xmlns='http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML' display='inline'>
 <mstyle displaystyle='true'><semantics>
  <mrow>
   <mi>c</mi><mo>=</mo><mfrac>
    <mrow>
     <mi>T</mi><mo>&#x2212;</mo><mi>f</mi><mo stretchy='false'>(</mo><mn>0</mn><mo stretchy='false'>)</mo>
    </mrow>
    <mrow>
     <mi>f</mi><mo stretchy='false'>(</mo><mn>0</mn><mo stretchy='false'>)</mo>
    </mrow>
   </mfrac>
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</math> erh&#x00E4;lt man aus 1.:</p>
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<p>Man beachte, dass aufgrund der strengen Monotonie&#160; <math xmlns='http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML' display='inline'>
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</math>, und damit nach <span class="num">[0]</span> auch der Nenner&#160; <math xmlns='http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML' display='inline'>
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</math>, ungleich 0 ist.</p>
<p>3. <font size="2">&#9658;</font> &#160;Mit den Abk&#x00FC;rzungen</p>
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<p>haben wir zun&#x00E4;chst <math xmlns='http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML' display='inline'>
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</math> (&#160;<i>f</i> ist streng monoton), so dass bei den folgenden Rechnungen alle Nenner von 0 verschieden sind. Aus 2. ergibt sich f&#x00FC;r <math xmlns='http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML' display='inline'>
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</math> die quadratische Gleichung</p>
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<p>die wegen</p>
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<p>von 1 gel&#x00F6;st wird, so dass man die folgende Zerlegung in Linearfaktoren konstruieren kann:</p>
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<p>Da <math xmlns='http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML' display='inline'>
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</math> niemals gleich 1 ist, muss <math xmlns='http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML' display='inline'>
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</math> gelten, womit die Behauptung</p>
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<p>gewonnen ist.</p>
</td></tr></table>
<p>Der offiziellen <a target="_blank" href="http://esa.un.org/unpp/" style="text-decoration:none">UN Statistik</a> entnehmen wir die folgenden Daten &#x00FC;ber die Gr&#x00F6;&#x00DF;e der Weltbev&#x00F6;lkerung:</p>
<table style="width:auto" align="center">
<tr><td style="font-family:monospace; font-size:10pt">1950:</td><td style="font-family:monospace; font-size:10pt">&#160;2 519 470</td></tr>
<tr><td style="font-family:monospace; font-size:10pt">1975:</td><td style="font-family:monospace; font-size:10pt">&#160;4 073 740</td></tr>
<tr><td style="font-family:monospace; font-size:10pt">2000:</td><td style="font-family:monospace; font-size:10pt">&#160;6 085 572</td></tr>
</table>

<p>Unterstellt man logistisches Wachstum, d.h. <math xmlns='http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML' display='inline'>
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      <mi>e</mi>
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</math>, so bedeutet dies mit 1950 als Startjahr</p>
<div>
<math xmlns='http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML' display='inline'>
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  <mtable columnalign='right'>
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     <mi>f</mi><mo stretchy='false'>(</mo><mn mathvariant='monospace' mathsize='10pt'>0</mn><mo stretchy='false'>)</mo><mo>=</mo><mn mathvariant='monospace' mathsize='10pt'>2519470</mn>
    </mtd>
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   <mtr>
    <mtd>
     <mi>f</mi><mo stretchy='false'>(</mo><mn mathvariant='monospace' mathsize='10pt'>25</mn><mo stretchy='false'>)</mo><mo>=</mo><mn mathvariant='monospace' mathsize='10pt'>4073740</mn>
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    <mtd>
     <mi>f</mi><mo stretchy='false'>(</mo><mn mathvariant='monospace' mathsize='10pt'>50</mn><mo stretchy='false'>)</mo><mo>=</mo><mn mathvariant='monospace' mathsize='10pt'>6085572</mn>
    </mtd>
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  </mtable>
  
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<p>Mit <a class="ref" href="#20">[8.0.22/21/20]</a> errechnet man damit der Reihe nach</p>
<div>
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        <mrow>
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       </mfrac>
       <mo>&#x22C5;</mo><mfrac>
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         <mn>2519470</mn>
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        <mrow>
         <mn>6085572</mn>
        </mrow>
       </mfrac>
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     </mtd>
    </mtr>
    <mtr columnalign='left'>
     <mtd columnalign='left'>
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       <mi>c</mi><mo>=</mo><mstyle mathvariant='monospace' mathsize='10pt'><mfrac>
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          <mi mathvariant='italic' mathsize='12pt'>e</mi>
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         <mo>&#x2212;</mo><mn>2519470</mn>
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       <mo>&#x2248;</mo><mn>4,620212</mn></mstyle>
      </mrow>
     </mtd>
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    <mtr columnalign='left'>
     <mtd columnalign='left'>
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       <mi>T</mi><mo>=</mo><mstyle mathvariant='monospace' mathsize='10pt'><mn>4073740</mn><mo>&#x22C5;</mo><mo stretchy='false' lspace='0.1em'>(</mo><mn>1</mn><mo>+</mo><mn>4,620212</mn><mo>&#x22C5;</mo><mtext>&#x2009;</mtext><msup>
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<p>&#160;</p>
<table>
<tr>
<td><p style="margin-right:20pt">Die Tragf&#x00E4;higkeit unserer Population betr&#x00E4;gt in diesem Modell also ca. 14,16 Milliarden, wobei ihre H&#x00E4;lfte nach <math xmlns='http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML' display='inline'>
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    <mi>a</mi>
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   <mo>&#x2248;</mo><mn>61,33</mn>
  </mrow>
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</math> Jahren, also etwa 2011, erreicht sein wird.</p>
<p style="margin-right:20pt">Ob dieses Modell eine zuverl&#x00E4;ssige Prognose f&#x00FC;r die k&#x00FC;nftige Entwicklung gestattet, h&#x00E4;ngt nat&#x00FC;rlich davon ab, wie realistisch die Annahme des logistischen Wachstums ist, bzw. bleiben wird.</p></td>
<td><img src="welt.gif" width="300" height="193"/></td>
</tr>
</table>
<p>Immerhin aber liegt unser Wert <math xmlns='http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML' display='inline'>
 <mstyle displaystyle='true'><semantics>
  <mrow>
   <mi>f</mi><mo stretchy='false'>(</mo><mn>100</mn><mo stretchy='false'>)</mo><mo>=</mo><mn>10.253.218</mn>
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</math> recht nahe bei UN Sch&#x00E4;tzung (high variant) von 10.646.311 f&#x00FC;r das Jahr 2050!</p>

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